Budget Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spending Planning - Assignment Example It is along these lines significant that associations contrast the work finished and its goals as opposed to only examine financial plans on schedule premise. For example, one may burn through 90% of the assigned assets in accomplishing a poor work or finishing just 80% of the specified work, despite that the spent sum may fall inside the anticipated schedule time frame. One could likewise run under spending plan on schedule premise. That is, similar extents of the spending plan and work might be secured true to form while running under financial plan on schedule premise because of postponements and breaks. The suggestion here is that there could have been slips in work plan. While under spending plan infers that one performs underneath the arranged financial plan, over financial plans implies that the arranged financial plan has been outperformed. Appropriate arranging and usage of financial plan would in this way lead one to as near the spending plan as could reasonably be expected (Barr and McClellan, 2011). Over the top under financial plan could accordingly propose a circumstance where one didn't spend enough in explicit zones to develop and secure business or build up a task. Then again, consistent over spending execution could propose that one is at risk for coming up short on assets and business. It is in this manner imperative that work is done as wanted to evade both under and over financial plan the two of which have their negative impacts and suggestions on task usage and fulfillment (Article Library,

buy custom Brilliant Apple Company Essay Sample

purchase custom Brilliant Apple Company Essay Sample Apple Company Apple Company Essay Sample Apple Inc. Foundation Set up in January 1977, Apple Inc. (regularly alluded to as Apple) is associated with the plan, assembling and promoting of a wide scope of innovation items. Its item list incorporates a scope of cell phones (for correspondence and figuring purposes) and (PCs) just as a choice of compact computerized music and video players. The organization furthermore offers various programming, fringe gadget and systems administration arrangements. Apples own advertising system is broad and incorporates a business group, an online store, retail outlets and outsider sellers. Moreover, Apple Inc. sells a scope of outsider items that are good with its Macintosh PCs (Macs), iPods and iPhones by means of its retail and online stores. These items incorporate programming applications, stockpiling gadgets, printers, earphones and speakers just as an assortment of different peripherals and adornments. Its iTunes App Store additionally stocks a wide scope of utilizations and advanced substance. The companys items are mainstream with a wide range of individuals including private people, those engaged with imaginative interests, government bodies and instructive foundations just as SMEs (little and medium estimated organizations) (Whitney, 2010).

What Keeps People from Starting their Own Company

What Keeps People from Starting their Own Company If you own your own company, then you have a lot of advantages; you can run the company with your own vision, set yourself up for new found financial freedom and can give yourself a big opportunity to take a lot of pride in your accomplishments.With that being said, you as a business owner also take on a tremendous amount of responsibility for the welfare of not only a company but the employees as well and the chance you could lose everything you have if the business does not become a success. These are the reasons why it is never an easy decision for you to take the leap of starting your own business. © Shutterstock.com | CreatarkaIn this article, I explore several reasons of what keeps people from starting their business by going through the following sections: 1) an introduction, 2) internal factors, 3) external factors, and 4) a short conclusion.INTRODUCTIONStarting a business is never something that should be done without a lot of thoughts and some very careful planning. If you decide to be a potential business owner, you not only have to look at such things as finances, business locations, and potential customer bases; but you also have to look deep inside yourself and determine if you have both the physical, mental and emotional makeup to be a successful business owner. Once people go through the planning and thought process of starting their own business, most of them often decide it is not in their best interest to go ahead and do that.INTERNAL FACTORS THAT KEEP PEOPLE FROM STARTING THEIR BUSINESSI mentioned that before you start a business you have to take an honest look at who you really are personality wise and at the individual talent you possess to not only start a business, but to make it successful in the long term. These are some of the internal reasons that make people decide not to start a business; many of these when combined together will become a huge roadblock to a person even starting to consider starting their own business.1) SkillsNo Clue How to go about Starting a BusinessNo matter how small a business you as a potential owner want to start, that business will require to have certain things done in order to get it off the ground. Many people do not have a clue how to go about doing this, and this has a tendency to make someone very apprehensive to undertake the business startup process.KnowledgeSome people just simply don’t have the proper knowledge of a product or service that it takes to start a certain business. You as a potential business owner can have the best business idea in the world but without the critical know-how to implement and run that type of business it may prohibit someone from starting that business. The only way it can be successfully done is by hiring another person who does possess the knowledge required and then the owner is taking a lot more risk because they will then have less control in important business areas.Absence of an Idea And CreativityIt is a big world out there  that has become substantially smaller due to such things as air travel, television, mass media and the World Wide Web. It is not easy to come up with an idea for a sustainable business these days. You as a potential business owner have to be very creative and unique when you start up a new business and often have to come up with an idea of how to make your product or service special. A person that does not have the ability to do this will have a tough time entering into and being competitive in their prospective market.2) PsychologyJust like a person may not possess the skills necessary to start a business, they may also not meet the psychological needs that are needed for starting a business. Here are some psychological factors that can become a roadblock in the path of anyone that wants to start their own business.FearsFear of Failure: There are few things as psychologically destructive as a person who undertakes a task and fails badly at it. As there are a lot of things that goes into starting a business, and if a person fails in that quest then the psychological effects can be tremendous. The subsequent loss of self-confidence and self-esteem can in many cases be more damaging than the financial aspects of a failed business itself. Many people are not willing to risk ending up feeling like this if their business is not successful.Fear of the Unknown: One of the most basic fears that is in everyone’s psychological makeup is the fear of the unknown; it is a basic fear that makes itself known the moment a person comes out of the womb. When you go on a trip, you are much more comfortable travelling a route you have been over many times before as opposed to going a new way the first time. It is similar when starting a business; the fear of leaving one’s comfort zone is enough to keep anyone from trying to start their own business.It’s an Intimidating Process: Not only do some people have no clue how to go about starting a business, but many are also very intimidated by the business startup process itself. It can be a little overwhelming when a person is looking at doing such startup tasks as pulling business permits, getting certificates, taking out insurances, setting up banking accounts, applying for financing, hiring employees, looking at how to market a product or service and also finding a business location. Not to mention that these things are often done in conjunction with someone who is about to risk a large sum of money and their future financial security on that same new business being successful.Disruption of Your Personal LivesTime with Family: There are few things that are more important to most of us than your family and spending time with them. It is no secret that even if a person has the skill and knowledge to start a business, a person often will choose to keep their present job so they can spend time with their family instead of trading that for the pressure and time commitment it takes to start a new business.Love Life: Filling the need for companionship is a huge priority for some of us. Even more so than the need to chase the riches and self-esteem that may accompany owning your own business. Starting a business can be a demanding process that leaves little time to develop or maintain a relationship.Social Pursuits: Hobbies, sports, clubs, groups and the pursuit of other social needs can be a higher priority to some people than chasing the dream of owning their own business. Once again, many potential business owners are not willing to trade their active social lives for all that starting a business entails.A Simple L ife is all that is Required for Some People: For some, a simple life that meets their financial and emotional needs is the only comfort zone they need. They simply have no desire to get involved in all the different types of commitment it takes to start their own business.Not Possessing Ownership QualitiesA Better Follower than a Leader: Some people are much better at performing at their job when they are being told what to do and how to do it. When owning a business a person is fully in charge of the authority and decision-making; some people do not function well in this role, and it is far from their comfort zone. A person who realizes this about themselves will most likely never try to start their own business.Disorganized: One of the quickest ways for a new startup to fail is if it lacks the organization that is critical to laying a solid foundation to achieve forward progress. It is very unlikely that a disorganized person will be able to successfully start a new business unles s they commit to improving in this area.Unmotivated: It takes a lot of internal motivation to persevere and overcome all the hardships and obstacles that a person will face daily when starting up a new business. If a person is not highly motivated and have a clear vision for the future of the new business that drives them forward, then navigating through a new business startup may not be possible for that individual.Gives up easily: There are a lot of brick walls and hurdles to overcome when starting a new business. If you have the type of personality where you give up on things easily, then most likely you will not be up to the challenge and rigors of starting their own business.Don’t want a Higher Level of ResponsibilityTo Employees: It can be very intimidating and very stressful having the task of providing financial needs for employees by running a successful business. Many people simply do not want that type of responsibility on their shoulders.To the Business: Being a busine ss owner is all encompassing, and it takes so much time and effort. There is a tremendous amount of responsibility that goes into the decision-making process for the business to ensure its success; some people are just not willing to accept this type of responsibility.To Clients: Every business has clients that they supply with goods or services, and this creates additional responsibility. Your business then is not only responsible for the success of their company, but plays a big role in the success of another company too. That creates a lot of additional pressure because if your business fails it will be like a domino effect and could hurt your clients company as well. Many people are just not interested in dealing with such a high level of responsibility.Stress: Many people do not see the tremendous amount of stress that it takes to startup a business as an even trade for the potential financial and personal rewards. The very thought of this will intimidate many people so much th ey will not even try to start their own business.Money Generated from a New Business Can’t Buy HappinessLast but not least for internal factors is the age old adage that money can’t buy happiness. Starting a business in order to earn millions with it is typically a wrong motivation. When you consider all that was mentioned above, some of you may often come to the conclusion that owning your own business will simply not make some of you happy and is not worth it.EXTERNAL FACTORS THAT KEEP PEOPLE FROM STARTING THEIR BUSINESSBesides a person’s internal makeup and needs, there are other external factors that keep people like you from wanting or being able to start your own business too. Here are some examples of those.MoneyNot Sure You Can Get the Financing: There is nothing that will sink a new startup faster than the new business being undercapitalized. You as a business owner can have the clearest vision in the world for your business and make the best decisions on how you can take the business toward that vision, but it’s all for naught if the business does not have the working capital to take the necessary steps to reach its goals.Scared to Risk Lifelong Savings: It takes most people a long period to build up their savings and give themselves the peace of mind that they have some money in the bank to fall back in times of trouble. That type of financial security is not something that people will easily give up and risk losing by starting their own business. The fear of once again being at a point where they have no savings to fall back on is enough to keep anyone from taking the leap of starting their own business.Security of a Steady Income at Your Current Job: A steady, reliable income is a hard thing for someone to give up to pursue the dream of owning his/her own business. This is especially true if you have a family to support which depends on you in the majority of things. Many people will not risk giving up an income that is steady and reliable for all the uncertainty that surrounds the money making the ability of a new business startup.Loss of Benefits: It is often not only the security of a steady income that keeps someone from trying to start their own business. Other factors such as giving up medical benefits, 401k matching plans and educational assistance help to convince a person that starting their own business is not in their best interest.CompetitionAnother area of external factors that may keep you from starting your business is too much competition in your area of expertise.Saturation of the Market: The best new business idea in the world, even if it is carefully planned out, cannot work if there is already an overcrowded situation in that business’s projected market. A business has to be able to secure a steady and viable customer base in order to succeed and grow. Some markets are just too oversaturated with competing businesses to think even about starting a new business and entering into them.Reluctance t o take on Established Players: It may be intimidating for you as a new business owner to try and take on a big established player in a niche market. Established businesses are usually well connected and have personal relationships with their customers, have lots of financial resources and have made their business successful by learning from the mistakes they have made the along the way. A new business starts from scratch, and it may be a while if ever, before they establish these things and sometimes the business will fail because of not growing fast enough.As a new business owners you also face the hardships that an established company can place on you to keep you from entering the marketplace too. An established company can do such things as lowering prices and taking less profit to inhibit a new business ability to generate income and survive. The knowledge of those things which you have as a prospective business owner is often enough to keep some of you from trying to enter the marketplace with your own business.CONCLUSIONAs you can see, there is a tremendous amount of things for you to consider and worry about when it comes to starting their own business. You will not only have to overcome your personal fears and limitations to start a successful business, but you will also have to battle pressures from the outside as well. Starting a new business can be a daunting and intimidating task to say the least and many people are reluctant to take this kind of task head on.Starting a new business is a lot like running a hurdles race in track; if someone hits too many of those hurdles, they will lose both their physical ability and mental will to continue. When you are in the planning stage of a new business, these hurdles become a lot easier to see, and they look a lot higher too. It is enough to make even the strongest willed and most financially solvent people think twice about going forward with starting a business.

Truman s Policy On Containment Of Communism - 1548 Words

In daylight of President Eisenhower’s policy on containment of communism, the Soviets feel they have no choice but to resist any such efforts. While we have successfully positioned ourselves as the number one nuclear power on the planet, Nikita Khrushchev has built up a nuclear power of his own. I have gathered classified information leading me to believe that Khrushchev has landed these weapons of mass destruction in Cuba as part of a â€Å"nuclear pressure† policy, code named â€Å"Anadyr† (Zubok, 144). I am disappointed to say that we have underestimated the Kremlin. It is crucial to inform President Kennedy of the situation immediately in order to make timely decisions on how to handle the situation and to ensure the security of the United States of America. 1. The present crisis we face is a situation we never could have imagined prior to the uprising events in Cuba that lead to this day. It is impossible to think American corporations once had control of almost all of Cuba’s land and industry. In a way it was almost part of the United States. How could we let this happen? The uprising of Cuba’s people lead by Fidel Castro ended our friendly economic relationship with Cuba. Castro’s regime presented a new threat of communist influence to the United States and the western world. As a result, President Kennedy’s leading effort to eradicate Fidel Castro’s communist regime in Cuba is now a big priority. Perhaps Kennedy was unaware of the opportunities this creates for the SovietShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Between The United States And The Soviet Union1268 Words   |  6 Pagesstrictly limit the spread of communism through containment, an idea formulated by US diplomat George Kennan, which became the bas is of Harry Truman’s foreign policy. The containment policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. The president’s initial step toward containment came in response to a British request to support both Turkey and Greece against the spread of communism. By requesting CongressRead MoreThe Soviet Revolution Of Ussr872 Words   |  4 Pagesthe anti-communist tension of the US, the US did not recognize the legitimacy of the USSR until 1934. So even though the US fought alongside USSR in WWII, there was always a sort of mistrust. The US has changed since 1945. Firstly, the US’ foreign policy changed. Before 1945 the US practiced isolationism, which let them believe whatever they wanted but not actually act. After WWII, the US became the world’s policeman. WWII did not drain the US’ economy, in fact it improved it significantly, whereasRead MoreTruman Doctrine And The Policy Of The United States1311 Words   |  6 PagesHarry S. Truman once declared, It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. (Truman Doctrine, ourdocuments.gov) This quote was given by President Truman in a speech directed to Congress in hopes that they would aid his mission and goal. This doctrine, or principle, that was expressed by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, was called the Truman Doctrine. President Truman s stance was that theRead MoreContainment: The American Way1372 Words   |  6 PagesStates made a commitment to fight communism after World War II everywhere it could in the world and got involved in conflicts more because of self-interest and determination to beat communism than the cause. This first appears with the Truman Doctrine, which set the precedent for America to assist anti-communist regimes around the world. After World War II and up until the early 1990’s the foreign policy of the United States was based on the policy of the containment of Cold War ideology and to preventRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States1392 Words   |  6 Pagesof U.S. policy, the word originated during a report Kennan submitted to U.S. Defense Secretary James Forrestal in 1947, a report that was later utilized in a article. To describe Western policy toward the country within the Twenties. The word containment is associated most powerfully with the policies of U.S. President Harry S Truman (1945–53).First lets excogitate regarding the most purpose which is that the USA Con tainment Policy, Containment was a policy to stop the unfold of communism abroad.Read MoreContainment Strategies During The Cold War1084 Words   |  5 Pages/ Schreiber English 6,7 / American Cultures 10 27 February 2017 Containment Strategies in the Cold War During the Cold War, communism was spreading.   The three presidents Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy needed a way to stop it from spreading.   All Three turned to the idea of containment.   Ayers, et al. defines containment as a Policy by George F. Kennan, that started in the late 1940’s and was created to stop the spread of communism by providing economic aid, and military aid to countries opposingRead MoreContainment: Cold War and George C. Marshall Essay960 Words   |  4 Pages1. Explain the US policy of containment abroad. What were the economic, military, and political strategies of enforcing containment? Identify at least three specific programs or institutions in your response. * First laid out by George F. Kennan in 1947, Containment stated that communism needed to be contained and isolated, or it would spread to neighboring countries. This spread would allow the Domino Theory to take hold, meaning that if one country fell to communism, then each surroundingRead MoreThe World Of A Totalitarian Communist Post War World1352 Words   |  6 Pagesamerican diplomat staying at the Embassy in Moscow, then brought the idea of containment to the table. Kennan’s containment strategy was a long term plan based on containing the expansion of the USSR via means of military, economic, and political force. Containment was an effort to limit the spread of communism, and effort which only saw to anger and frustrate the Russians. Because of the diplomat s development of the containment strategy, Kennan was the individual who best predicted the start of theRead More How The United States Contained Communism in the Cold War Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesUnited Sta tes engaged in many aggressive policies both at home and abroad, in which to fight communism and the spread of communist ideas. Faced with a new challenge and new global responsibilities the U.S. needed to retain what it had fought so strongly for in World War II. It needed to contain the communist ideas pouring from the Soviet Union while preventing communist influence at home, without triggering World War III. With the policies of containment, McCarthyism, and brinkmanship, the UnitedRead More2 Years After World War 2 A New Enemy Was Rising That Was1613 Words   |  7 Pages2 years after World War 2 a new enemy was rising that was not just a country or person but communism. Following the end of WW2, the Soviets were spreading their new ideology to several small countries from Poland to north Korea. As communism gained in popularity the US became increasingly concerned about a potential fall in capitalism and democracy. This fear resulted in the Cold War: a social, political, econ omic conflict between the US and the USSR. The Cold War lasted 44 years and 9 different

What Is The Current Status Of The Foster Care System

This brief highlights the current status of the foster care system in Texas in addition to recommendations that tackle the increasing caseload for social workers and the policy landscape. The structure of the document dives into the background, recommendations and implications for the foster care system. The background provides context on 2 state policies and the overwhelming caseloads for social service workers. The recommendations focus on how to reduce the caseload quantity and policies that do ameliorate the foster care system. Finally implications for the foster care system showcase the necessity for the recommendations in tandem and the lack of sustainability for the status quo overall. The policies that are stated in this document†¦show more content†¦The brief states SB-11 and similar polices should be supported as they have the ability to fix the foster care system. The ideal scenario would be for these two recommendations to be used in tandem. This would result in both a top-down and bottom-up approach for fixing the foster care system. The final section provides implications if these recommendations are not taken into consideration. They show how maintaining the status quo is not an option for fixing the foster care system. Additionally, there is a call to action for policymakers and policy analysts to bridge the political gap. This action will result in the creation policies and solutions that are for the wellbeing of children in the Lone Star State. Introduction The foster care system in Texas is broken and policies like SB-4 and HB-3859 continue to fracture the system even more. The high volume of children entering into the system and the substantial number of caseloads for social workers are exacerbated by the current policies. There needs to be strategies to reduce the severity of this problem. It is our job as policymakers and policy analysts to address this issue so that ALL the children of the Lone Star State have a better future. Throughout this document, I will provide a background on the current status of the foster care system, including detrimental policies, offer possible alternatives and recommendations, and present the implications of these recommendations on fosterShow MoreRelatedHelping The Homeless And Interacting With Offenders At Community Crisis Incorporation Service1696 Words   |  7 Pagesfulfill my sense of duty in helping impoverished adolescent girls, boys and families to succeed. Hope, encouragement and someone wh o believes in you are often the little push one needs to live up to their full potential. My current position as a Community Support Worker at First Home Care allows me to work with children and adolescents in the Washington D.C and surrounding areas who have mental health disabilities. In working with this population, I have the opportunity to decrease crisis in the communityRead MoreH. R 4980 : Preventing Sex Trafficking And Strengthening Families Act Of 20141671 Words   |  7 PagesStrengthening Families Act of 2014. It was introduced to Congress on June 26, 2014, and it was enacted on September 29, 2014 (Civic Impulse, 2017). The law was enacted to target several problems: first, to prevent and address sex trafficking of children in foster care (Subtitle A); second, to improve adoption incentives and extending family connection grants (Subtitle B); and third, to improve international child support recovery (Subtitle C) (Children’s Defense, 2014). The law cites the definition of ‘sex trafficking’Read MoreChild And Family Services Improvement And Innovation Act Of 20111225 Words   |  5 Pages Georgia experienced 17,148 children in the foster care system during the year of 2015 (Adopt US Kids , 2016). Children engaged in the foster care system are far more susceptible to a disruption in their biopsychosocial development. One of the leading indicators for older age youth successfully transitioning out of foster care is graduating high school. Foster youth success in school can be impacted by their foster care placement. This paper will explore the intended impact and actual impact ofRead MoreHomeless Teenagers: A Vulnerable Population951 Words   |  4 Pagestransitioning to adulthood. Current studies are reported to indicate that the primary cause of homeless among youth is family dysfunction in the form of parental neglect, physical or sexual abuse, family substance abuse, and family violence. (Runway Homeless Youth and Relationship Toolkit, 2009, p.1) Homeless youth are generally defined as an unaccompanied youth ag es 12 and older who are without family support and who are living in shelters, on the streets, in cares or vacant buildings and whoRead MoreGay Adoptions Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesengage in current, voluntary homosexual activity,† hence drawing a distinction between homosexual orientation which describes a person attracted to another person of the same sex and homosexual activity which is looked at as a sinful act against both body and God. (REF Erick). Consequently, Florida’s adoption law allows unmarried people to adopt, many of which had do so through the foster care system. Coincidentally, the adoption law does not prohibit homosexuals from playing the role as foster parentsRead MoreA Link Between Foster Care Placement During Childhood And Adult Delinquency1348 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted in Sweden has shown a link between foster care placement during childhood and adult criminality. Two groups were identified, a control group and a treatment group. The c ontrol group consisted of individuals that were the same age and gender of the treatment group. The results showed that foster care predicts higher adult criminality for males first placed during adolescence (ages 13–18). No significant association for boys who were placed in foster care before age 13 and no significant associationRead MoreChild Welfare Services Technology : An Area Of Much Needed Improvement1421 Words   |  6 Pagesaccessibility is an area of much needed improvement. Some of the many aspects of care that can be improved with advanced technological resources are referrals, intake, coverage, and placement. Case management, delivery of services, finance, organizational forms, education, and outcomes are also areas for enhancement. Due to a lack of consistency within states and state to state programs along with budget cuts the child welfare system is not maximizing technology to provide services consistently or efficientlyRead MoreAdoption Is A Social Justice Issue1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthe emotional, social, legal, and familial benefits of biological children. The issue with adoption is the financial challenges with orphanages, foster homes and parents who want to adopt but cannot. Many changes need to be made when it comes to the adoption system. Adoption is a social justice issue because so much money is going to orphanages and foster parents when it could be used for other things, such as helping people who want to adopt but cannot. The cost of adopting should be lowered to haveRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Iv Classification System872 Words   |  4 Pagesmental and physical aspects of classification systems, the DSM is the classification system designed by the American Psychiatric Association to diagnose patients through a number of criteria’s, reviews, and research in order to treat mental and physical illness. To diagnose and produce treatment for both clients and patients, this model is focused on current and widely used research. One of the benefits in suing the DSM is that the model fosters health care professi onals in maintaining some form of consistencyRead MoreEssay on Tax Reform in The United States1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe current tax policy in the United States is very confusing and it is very costly for our government to administer it. It is in the best interest of our country and its citizens to revise or replace our current tax policy. While most taxpayers agree that tax reform is necessary for our country the problem they encounter is the difficulty they experience when trying to understand all the political terms used when discussing tax reform. This paper is an attempt to help the taxpayers of our country

Society Topics to Write about Options

Society Topics to Write about Options Top Society Topics to Write about Secrets Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. If you need assistance crafting one, the best course of action would be to try to find a professional writing service to aid you. Since you could have to search on virtually every topic that you decide on, choose something about which you get an overall idea. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it. The idea of human differences refers to the ways people change and create a place. Given that it remains an extremely conversational topic and a great deal of things have happened in the meanwhile, we chose to return and check what shifts have occurred online since that time. Some students utilize the very first idea that arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't successful. When selecting your social problems topic, don't forget that it's always far better to write about something you're already more or less acquainted with. The War Against Society Topics to Write about One of the absolute most important aims of our life is to construct a successful and extremely rewarding career. The energy is utilized towards the increase and reproduction of the organism. Although nearly 200 years old and modified over time, cell theory is still considered among the most fundamental and important fundamentals of biology. Heritable traits that are associated with a specif ic disease could possibly be manipulated through gene therapy. How to Choose Society Topics to Write about The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. A business program isn't only helpful as a reference for staff, but in addition provides detailed information that could be required by a lender or investor. Advertising fuels the urge to shop and, then, shopping stimulates the economy. In the long run, you've got to create the decision of which style of writing is ideal for your articles. The Debate Over Society Topics to Write about Pay attention to the thesis statement which ought to state a crystal clear message of the whole work. Another good choice is feature stories. It's possible to continue your precise purpose statement by listing the individual elements of your topic. The particular purpose statement should state the most important subject of your speech. If you've got such a job, it is easy to look for certain subtopics which you might discuss in the paper. Whenever you think that may have discovered the theme, it's vital that you find other evidence from the text to back up your hypothesis. A theme statement can arrive in many forms. Most importantly, your theme statement ought to be simple to comprehend. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Society Topics to Write about Is Wrong Contemporary cell theory contains a couple of essential assertions or statements of fact. For instance, if you like to bake, choose a topic that showcases your abilities. Since you may see, there are respective subjects about the easy term ethics. With the Bible, the very best approach is not the same approach. Anyway, you almost certainly will be thought creepy if you have a look at only a single person. If you're the kind of person who enjoys hanging out in your home or apartment, acquiring a companion in the shape of a pet may be an abso lute god send. Someone gets essential wisdom and experience there. It's truly liberating to be your own individual. What You Should Do to Find Out About Society Topics to Write about Before You're Left Behind Once you have written down your initial impressions, return and read the story again. Stories about love and relationships are popular since they speak to a lot of individuals, and there are an infinite number of angles that could be taken besides the standard romance. If you have begun writing a quick fiction story, make sure individuals don't find it challenging to comprehend. Go right ahead and select a topic and begin writing, making certain you have sufficient facts to back up your viewpoints. Utilize all you know to reveal your knowledge of the planet, and bring out good old philosophical theories. So, you truly have to know precisely what group of people you're writing the article for to make certain you communicate in the best way possible. While not completel y necessary, a superior education is useful if you're interested in a career for a film critic. Society Topics to Write about at a Glance Becoming in a position to compose an excellent song that could move people is an art form that could take years to perfect. Today, the majority of people don't realize the significance of family. Mobile phones offer a handy and direct way for parents to get in touch with their children when they're at school, and vice versa. An essay differs from other written works for the intent of writing, because an essay, as stated above, is a text that makes one think, although other types of written work may include a judgment or analysis, for instance, a novel. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. If you would like to learn how to compose excellent essays on sociology, just take the next steps. To start with, your essay is supposed to tackle a specific social, psychological or anthropological matter. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with.

Larry analysize free essay sample

Analysis The Character Larry In The Short Story â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† By Frank O’Connor My Oedipus Complex is a short story of Frank O’Connor about a little boy – the main character Larry – who told about his relationship and his complicated feelings around the relationship in family. One important technique that made the readers have a closer look to this character was the technique of narration. In the story, the narrator was the main character, a five year- old boy; therefore; every event was told under the boy’s eyes. Through that, the character of Larry was depicted clearly. He was not a boy didn’t know anything but he also didn’t know all, he loved the person take care him and he fight against the person take place him in his mother’s love and attention. In order to have close look to this character, first of all, we should discuss about â€Å"the most peaceful period† in his life which was the time before the coming back of his father from the First World War. With this child, he didn’t know about the awful of war. He also didn’t know the important of father in family, lack of father in the early life is the unlucky with any child, but he didn’t know about that. The reason is that he was too young, the war took his father up to the age of 5 year olds and in the wartime, every man must go to war so he couldn’t see the role of father in other families. The memories of him about his father was few, he found that his father liked Santa Clause. This comparison can make readers surprising; however, it’ was rather true because father â€Å"came and went mysteriously†. The readers may smile in the first moment reading it but after that, they would be sympathy with the boy’s situation. Living in a house only have him and his mother, he found himself have responsibilities with the daily routine. Without father in home, Larry became an accompany friend of his mother to everywhere she went. â€Å"What mother and I should do during the day† and â€Å"what steps should be taken to brighten the home†, these thought must belong to the person not only wanted his mother take care him but also wanted take care his mother. That might be the character of a person wasn’t passive, didn’t only get surrounding people’s care. He was also an imaginative boy, he called his left leg was Mrs Left and his right leg was Mrs Right. Maybe in the boy’s world only have him and his mother – a female person and he felt familiar with his mother than everyone else so  he called them was ‘Mrs’. This call expressed his character in some extend. With two legs, he had Mrs Right more demonstrative than Mrs Left and let them discuss about the problems of the day. Why did he build Mrs Right and Mrs Left? Maybe, the desert of sharing feelings of him was very big and it was not enough to share his feelings with only his mother. And, children still do something what adults may think stupidly as some little girls like talking with dolls. However, that Larry created the conversation between Mrs Right and Mrs Left was the clever initiative, which not all children can do. According to Kobus, â€Å"Although Larry seemed happy; he did not really have the opportunity to interact with other children his ow n age. It seems that in order for Larry to cope with his problems and boredom he would often resort to visiting with Mrs. Left and Mrs. Right†. Besides, the boy was the childish boy. Pretty naive is another character of him like every other child. He compared the Geneys’ baby to a cheap baby. He didn’t know the mother couldn’t have baby with herself alone, she needed his father. The little knowledge of him was not the thing to discuss because every child was. However, the important thing was that the boy looked everything and told his story with the childish eyes, with the boy’s eyes. He always expressed what he thought and that is the character of this child. His inner feelings were rich. The boy’s daily routine wasn’t only some acts like getting up, going into mother’s room, having breakfast, and going with mother but he also spent a little time to enjoy natural surrounding through his window. The boy wasn’t passive, he not only expressed his feelings about surrounding he also described surrounding. He lived close with nature. The evidence is that he compared himself â€Å"like the sun, ready to illumine and rejoice†. This comparison in some extend expressed his optimistic and through this comparison the readers felt the peaceful life of him and the important role of him to surrounding people. A boy was used to living without having father with the daily routine because for a long time, the father was in war and the boy never saw father much. What happen when the father return? Of course, the life was mixed up the boy had some changes in his life which caused his complicated feelings. He disliked his mother talking to his father and found him like â€Å"boring visitor†. In other words he was not only unfamiliar with his father but also jealous with his father. The boy found unfamiliar with father in the way he put off a uniform which  he usual in when he met before; in the way he came in to dinner that before only had Larry and Mother. Moreover, he was jealous when mother take time she usual with him for his father. She spent time in talking with his father, â€Å"looked anxious† when talking with his father. The boy told that he â€Å"disliked her looking anxious, because it destroyed her good looks†. Maybe, he was unfamiliar with this image of mother, too. According to Larry, he only saw his mother with care about him, with sweet voice. Being the person not passive, the boy always interrupted his father and his mother. He wanted to notice mother’s attention. In this way, there was a conflict between him and his father to win mother’s care. Sometimes, the readers may think the boy did exaggerate the conflict between him and father, but the conflict between them deeper and deeper meant that there was no compromise between them. Maybe the father also liked the boy because he was unfamiliar with having boy in the relationship between him and Larry’s mother and every change must have time to solve. Maybe, the father was also childlike, he was also jealous the boy, too. With any reason, the conflict between father and son was attractive with readers and through it, the readers understood more about children like Larry. In the state of jealous mood, some children can act with little conscience, but Larry was different. He observed every action surrounding cleverly and sensitively. Larry could recognize changes on his mother anxious. Moreover, he always noticed the mother’s voice to estimate mother’s feelings and attitude. At the first time when he interrupted his parents, when mother said â€Å"gently† he realized immediately she usually said gently when having boring visitor so he continued interrupting. The misunderstanding of the boy was unavoidable because he and his parents had never gathered around before but it showed his logic thought. And when mother said â€Å"impatiently†, he disappointed and he thought that God was misunderstanding his prayers. This thought express another character of Larry, he always wanted to explain why something happen to him. And in another time, at the tea time, when mother said â€Å"impatiently† with him, he also explained: â⠂¬Å"It was clear that she either genuinely liked taking to father than talking to me, or else that he had some terrible hold on her which made her afraid to admit the truth.† Overall, these were the childish explanations of a little boy. A child, although he had to try express himself in front of people, he was till a child. He found the way his father  put paper down and told his mother something new of it at the tea time was a foul play, not fare with him. In his mind, he thought the struggling for mother’s attention between him and father was â€Å"man for man†. He had not only little individual in the character, he also selfish and stubborn. He always wanted mother belong to only him like before the returning of the father. Sharing mother’s care with father made him uneasy. He wanted the peaceful time with mother again therefore he wanted God sent Daddy back to the war. In this case, he did not only explain the fact, he found solution for the fact. However, when understanding the fact, father would not back to the war he explained based on God again. He thought â€Å"God wasn’t quite what he was cracked up to be†. And some sweet words from mother couldn’t make him decrease his stubborn. He still interrupted parents, woke father from sleeping in the morning, even giving him several kicks. After the coming back of his father, he till continued doing some daily habits like before such as wake up at the usual hour, invent conversation between Mrs Right and Mrs Left, enjoy nature surrounding, and climbed the big bed. However, there were some differences in these familiar actions. Firstly, he didn’t feel like the sun when waking up any more, he felt like a bottle of champagne. This comparison expresses his feelings ready to burn and want to share his love. Secondly, the conversation between Mrs Right and Mrs Left was long and about father and son relationship. In the conversation, he expressed the hope on the Mrs Right’s talk; he wanted to send father to the right place. Thirdly, he also looked at surrounding nature but it seemed faster than before. Lastly, he came into Motherâ €™s room but he couldn’t talk to mother much like before, mother always wanted him quiet. These changes have caused the changes of his role with his mother. With his jealous and selfish, he did his habits in some differences. The selfishness and stubbornness of Larry was bigger and bigger. He called parents was that pair: â€Å"The way that pair went on smothering my early morning schemes-was like burying a family from the cradle†. He shouted with his mother. Event, he bawled with his father: â€Å"Shut up, you† and â€Å"Snack your own†. In normally, the boy told these words with parents was the bad boy. However, when looking at a 5 year-old boy in his situation we will think different. The returning of father was extremely strange with him. My mother only told him pray for the safety come back of father but she didn’t tell the reason. Moreover, when the father  took him for a walk, he though everything would be improved but the father had some action made him disappointed. He didn’t tolerate with his son’s feelings. Everything happened after that only made him more disappointed. Father scolded at him but he did not think that father taught him, he still thoug ht father liked a visitor. Mother always answered him when he asked; she didn’t explain for him anything. I think it is true with the father said â€Å"I see he’s better fed than taught†. After receiving failure with many trying to have mother’s care, he â€Å"made a point of dropping into their bedroom and nosing around† so parents wouldn’t know. And the clever child realized an important thing but he didn’t named: â€Å"It seemed to depend on being grown – up and giving people rings, and I realised I’d have to wait†. And with the childish thought he decided solve the problem like the thing he was beat. He said with his mother: â€Å"I’m going to married you†. He couldn’t have awareness about what he said; he only thought simply that that way he could win mother’s love. Larry is, a little boy, similar to Oedipus – a character in an old Greek legend who kills a man without knowing that the man was his fathe r and married the man’s wife without knowing that she was his mother fight with his father to win mother’s love with the hope that: â€Å"one day father’s hold on her would be broken†; and he wanted to marry with his mother to have all her love. He was not crazy with that thought because he was too young, he didn’t understand everything and these childish thought were logic in the look of a boy. Having a new member, Sony, was another change happened in Larry’s family and this change affected not only Larry but also his father. In accidentally, the change solved the conflict between father and son. Larry was still selfish as he was. Before the returning of father, he did want to have a baby to brighten his home. However, now, his family had one more member, he disliked him with the same reason as he did have with father because Sony took too much time of his mother. And he had a solemn warning with his father: â€Å"If another bloody baby comes into this house, I’m going out†. This clever action of Larry made father quite nice to him. In new situation, Larry became understanding the father more. The father was kicked out the big bed and Larry tolerate with him. Larry said â€Å"There! There!† to comfort the father. This action express Larry’s grow-up, he know tolerated with his father and know how to comfort him in the sense of his thinking. In generally, Larry was a child had rich inner feelings and  individuality. He was not only active, sensible, responsible, and clever but also selfish, stubborn, and jealous. Particularly, childish character was expressed in each sentence in the story. Through the Larry character, the readers understand more about the relationship in family, the relationship between the children and parents. The story in some extend also showed the awful of war. The war separated the members in family, made them strangely.

A Conflict of Loyalties Case Study

A Conflict of Loyalties Case Study The government is mandated to implement policies that bring a greater good to the public. Government policies are implemented by people who work in the public service. These are better known as the civil servants. Public administrators have a wide scope of roles that they are supposed to execute. However, their major objective is to ensure that the government is functioning properly.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on A Conflict of Loyalties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, most of the activities that the public administrators carry out are concerned with the management of governmental programs, making decisions on behalf of the government, as well as analysing government policies before they are implemented. Public administration faces a number of problems that affect proper functioning of the departments that public administrators head. In addressing the problems, it is important to first analyse the f actors that cause these problems. This article is an assessment of the factors that are the main source of the problems of public administration in the â€Å"conflict of loyalties† case study. The paper describes the problems faced by A.J. Stewart as a public administrator in the Department of Defence. The paper ends by recommending how issues in public administration should be resolved. Case factors The author of this case mentions about A.J. Stewart who was employed as a public servant in the Department of Defence Production and the challenges he was facing in administering his duties. Stewart was working in the electronics branch. The Department of Supply and Services was later established within the larger department where Stewart worked. Stewart was the head of the Union in 1975. The department had up to 8,100 members. It is indicated that the Union did not have any certification to work as a bargaining agent on behalf of the Purchasing and Supply Group. Public Service A lliance of Canada (PSAC) was the certified agent for the group. This Union was, however, a founding member of the Public Service Alliance of Canada, which Stewart was a member, and the Civil Services Association of Canada. Stewart constantly complained about the state of affairs in the Department of Supply and Services. The management of the department did not consult with the Union to restore order. This led to further problems that greatly affected the performance of the department negatively.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The efforts by Stewart to meet the President to resolve the problems were all in vain. He made efforts to reorganize the department, but nothing fruitful came out of his efforts. This made him frustrated, especially with the management that was supposed to attend to his concerns. From the case, it is observed that one of the major fact ors that lead to the problems in public administration is poor communication because communication is very important in any setup. It facilitates success and has a positive effect on job performance and execution of activities. The poor communication system in the department deterred any efforts by Stewart. He wrote letters to the concerned parties, but they were all ignored. It is difficult to solve any problem without dialogue. On the other hand, identification of problems that affect an organisation is always easier when there is effective communication. In addition, it is easier to make decisions because all the concerned parties are involved in the process. Policies are not implemented effectively when there is poor communication. Therefore, it is the obligation of all the concerned parties within the Department of Supply and Services to improve the current level of communication so that the current problems can be addressed comprehensively. There is an extent to which the gove rnment employees are expected to express views publicly. There is information that public servants are not supposed to release because it can expose the government and may affect its functioning and effectiveness in serving the public. The public service union should make it clear to the employees the information that they are not supposed to release to the public. It is also the role of the Union to inform the employees which information is safe for release to the public. Stewart expressed his views publicly through the newspaper called, â€Å"The Citizen† when he realised the issues that were affecting the public service union. This was a move that could greatly affect the reputation of the Union. Therefore, Stewart should have found other ways of trying to find a solution to the problem. For instance, he should have identified the employees of the Union who would support his idea and engage them in the process. He would have communicated with these individuals about the po ssible solutions to the problems affecting the Union at the time.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on A Conflict of Loyalties specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the top management seemed not to listen to him, he would then use his supporters to exert pressure on the top officials and influence other employees. In the long run, someone would have listened to him and his grievances would have been taken into consideration. Bureaucracy is the other factor that is leading to problems in the Department of Supply and Services. The purchasing process is slow due to the many protocols that are put in place. In the past, it has been observed that the department has no intentions of speeding up the process. The purchase costs have also increased rapidly. Every additional senior management post is accompanied by an additional staff. The cost of maintaining these workers is added to the purchases, further making operations of the department more expensive. Doing away with the Department of Supply and Services could be an option, but this will only affect the lower staff members who are likely to lose their jobs. The rest of the senior members have the power and the ability to quickly create another department, meaning that scrapping the Department of Supply and Services would hurt them less. The complex bureaucracy could affect the flow of information. The minister should open consultations with the Department of Supply and Services to address the bureaucracy issue, but he has failed to do so. This has led to the persistence of the same problem. Unfortunately, the problem is escalating as a solution continues to delay. Stewart took it upon himself to expose the issues in his department through an article in the newspaper. This was a move that put him in trouble. He was summoned by the Deputy Minister and ordered to take corrective measures for breaching the loyalty and discretion required to be exhib ited by a public officer. Mr. Roches, the Deputy Minister, was right about the issue. However, the right decision was not to seek for a suitable problem resolution technique that would engage Stewart in a respectable and non-threatening manner. He was not supposed to threaten Stewart by stating that he would likely lose his job position. Instead, he would have called Stewart in private and discuss the issue with the aim of coming up with an amicable solution.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He would have asked Stewart to express his mind to him while listening attentively to identify the problem and the cause of the problem. This would build a platform where both of them would agree to find a solution to the problems affecting the Department of Supply and Services. Mr Stewart has the option of making an apology to the public or privately apologizing to the board as stipulated under the Public Service Staff Relation Act. Otherwise, the board has the powers to check whether he failed to carry out his obligations and take action against him. The action taken should be guided by the need to restore discipline when communicating departmental issues to the public. Recommendation It is normal for organisations or departments to experience issues that are likely to affect performance. How the problems are resolved is what matters for such organisations. One of the major factors that should be considered in such cases is communication. The employees should have a clear line thr ough which they communicate their issues to the top management. On the other hand, the top management and officials should be ready and willing to listen to the employees. In a public service union, it is against the regulation to express views to the public without consulting. Any employee who does that should face the right actions against him. However, the actions should be justified and not seen to be discriminatory. The aim of taking any action should be restoring sanity of public service administration and not cowing public servants.

Hurricanes2 essays

Hurricanes2 essays Hurricane, what does it mean? What do hurricanes do? What kind of powers do they possess? Where regions of the world are mostly affected by these hurricanes? All these questions I plan to answer in the following paragraphs. One thing we do know for sure is that a hurricane is one of the most devastating storms that Mother Nature has to offer. We also know that hurricanes cause a lot of damage to homes, businesses, and peoples lives. The term hurricane is a regionally specific name for a strong tropical cyclone. A hurricane is a powerful, whirling storm that measures 200 to 300 miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more, and the center of the hurricane is supposed to be the calmest part of a hurricane so you can imagine what the speeds are like towards the outer parts of a hurricane. A hurricane is an area of low air pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions in either the North Atlantic Ocean or Eastern North Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes develop from easterly waves. These long, narrow regions of low pressure occur in ocean winds are called trade winds. Easterly waves may grow into a tropical depression, with winds of up to 31 miles per hour; then into a tropical storm, with winds of up to 73 miles per hour; and finally into a hurricane. Hurricane winds swirl around the eye, a calm area in the center of the storm. The eye of a hurricane measures about 20 miles in diameter and has a few winds or clouds. Storm clouds called wall clouds surround the eye. The strongest winds and heaviest rain of a hurricane occur within its wall clouds. These clouds bring torrential rain and violent winds. Sinking air-or low pressure-suppresses cloud formation in the eye. Thats why the eye is so calm. They say that the skies can be blue and sun can even shine through. The eye is typically measured about 11 to 35 feet across. Howev ...

How has culture and society influenced the way women's breasts have Essay

How has culture and society influenced the way women's breasts have been viewed throughout history - Essay Example Women breasts were still seen as being sacred in the 16th century. In the painting â€Å"The Origin of the Milky Way†, the interpretation of the painting follows closely to a story in the Roman mythology. Jupitor, the father of gods who wished to immortalise the infant Hercules whose mother was the mortal Alcmene, held him to the breasts of the sleeping Juno. The milk, which spurted upwards, formed the Milky Way in the space while some flowed down to have lilies on the ground. The sketch of the painting started in the year 15383. Juno was the sister of Jupiter and important Roman goddesses. She was known to be a protector of the Roman people and especially women, being the goddess of marriage, fertility and childbirth.4 As such, it proved that the belief in Juno was strong during the 16th century. It can also be interpreted that at that time, they knew that breast milk is nutritious and because of wars and food storage, breast milk was the best alternative for the baby. Theref ore, breasts were seen as sacred due to the main source of food provided by the women for the baby. Without breast milk, the baby might not survive. As a result, we can also say that during times of turmoil, the war changes the society which in turn, views breasts as source of milk for their children compared to sacred originally. As the society became more open-minded and comfortable with discussions about body issues, breasts were also starting to be seen as being erotic by the man. This could be evidenced from a comment made by early 16th century Clemant Marot, a French poet who once compared breasts to "lawns of milk."5 From his opinion, it implies that breasts stimulated the male sexual desire. As the society and culture becomes more open-minded, the painting, "Eva Prima Pandora" (1540) by Jean Cousin, is one of the first few paintings that have hints of lust and eroticism. According to references, the passive pose of Eve in the painting was similar to Cleopatra who was labelled as a cruel and lustful woman during that period.6 In addition, from the painting, Eve was depicted to have physical characteristics such as having long bodies and legs and round breasts. Coincidentally, most men during that period saw the characteristics she has in the painting as desirable and erotic. However, these physical characteristics of Eve were also seen as evil and lustful under the Judaism and Christianity religion due to the association with Pandora who was responsible for bringing evil into the world. Therefore, in the eye of the society during that era, desirable physical attributes like round breasts equates to evil. Unlike modern times when there is physical contact between the doctor and patient, Holland during the 17th century showed an opposite situation. From the painting, "The Doctor and his Patient" by Jan Steen, it could be interpreted that breasts were considered a private area of a woman in Holland and there should not be any physical contact

XBUS Man Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS Man - Assignment Example Therefore, if Davis worked overtime, it was out of his wish since he was aware of the policy. The defendant claims though Davis was the meat market manager at the North Carolina branch he used to work at Martinsville, Virginia sometimes and he was warned about the overtime by the supervisor there but he chose still to ignore, maybe because he enjoyed his job and wouldn’t mind if he worked extra time. It is a federal law. The law that is being litigated is the Fair Labor Standards Act section 7(a). The Act states the circumstances on which an employee can do overtime and the reward for the overtime. It categorically states that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee. For them to come up with terms, that will be binding between them, concerning the overtime. The law however put the limits on the amount of reward the employee shall receive from the employer. The amount should not be less than one hundred and fifty percent as compared to what one earns per hour on a regular pay (â€Å"FairLaborStandAct.pdf†, n.d.). This law tries to bring harmony between the employee and employer regarding overtime. Over the years prior to the enactment of this law, employers misused labor by using their employees as slaves, thus the government found it necessary to develop a legal framework that will ensure smooth operation and relation at w orkplace. The employer has a stronger argument against the plaintiff that is Mr. Jerry S. Davis regarding the overtime compensation dispute. The law states very clearly that for overtime to be effective there must be an agreement between the employer and employee and in this agreement they should agree on reward. The plaintiff didn’t discuss with the employer on matter concerning overtime but rather thought since the law recognizes overtime he is entitled to be rewarded. The Act only gave direction on the minimum reward

The Definition Of Stress Psychology Essay

The Definition Of Stress Psychology Essay Stress  is a term that is commonly used today but has become increasingly difficult to define. It shares, to some extent, common meanings in both the biological and psychological sciences. Stress is the bodys reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response. Stress can be defined in terms of all people responding in the same biological way to the same stimulus, or as dependent upon the persons response to the stressor. Any perception of a stress stimulus triggers the persons physiological and psychological responses to situations or events that disturb the equilibrium. Stress is any event that a human being perceives as harmful or threatening. The body reacts to stress with fight or flight response. Stress hormones like adrenalin, dopamine, cortisol, noradrenalin, and endorphins are released in the blood when one experiences stress. The term  stress  had none of its contemporary connotations before the 1920s. In the 1920s and 1930s, the term was occasionally being used in biological and psychological circles to refer to a mental strain, unwelcome happening, or, more medically, a harmful environmental agent that could cause illness. Walter Cannon  used it in 1926 to refer to external factors that disrupted what he called homeostasis. Homeostasis is a concept central to the idea of stress. Environmental factors, internal or external stimuli, continually disrupt homeostasis.  Factors causing an organisms condition to waver away from homeostasis can be interpreted as stress. A life-threatening situation such as a physical insult or prolonged starvation can greatly disrupt homeostasis. Psychologists have defined stress in a variety of ways. Contemporary definitions of stress regard the external environmental stress as a stressor, the response to the stressor of distress, and the concept of stress as something that involves biochemical, physiological, behavioural and psychological changes. While there is little consensus among psychologists about the exact definition of stress, it is agreed that stress results when demands placed on an organism cause unusual physical, psychological, or emotional responses. In humans, stress originates from a multitude of sources and causes a wide variety of responses, both positive and beneficial (Eustress) and negative and harmful (Distress). The most commonly used definition of stress was developed by Lazarus and Launier (1978), who regarded stress as a transaction between people and the environment and described stress in terms of person-environment fit. Stress typically describes a negative concept that can have an impact on ones mental  and physical well-being, but it is unclear what exactly defines stress and whether or not stress is a cause, an effect, or the process connecting the two. With organisms as complex as humans, stress can take on entirely concrete or abstract meanings with highly subjective qualities, satisfying definitions of both cause and effect in ways that can be both tangible and intangible. Both negative and positive stressors can lead to stress. The intensity and duration of stress changes depending on the circumstances and emotional condition of the person suffering from it (Arnold. E and Boggs. K. 2007). Humans may all be faced with the same stressor (stimulus) but the stress response that they show will depend on their individual differences or gender or culture. Stress is an extremely adaptive phenomenon in a person which contributes to his/her survival, activities, and performance.1 Physical and psychological stress can induce a number of immunological alterations in the cell mediated.2 Stressors may influence the immune system through their impact on neuroendocrine, autonomic and central nervous system.3 Psychological stress may influence the functions of the immune system both indirectly through hormonal changes, and directly through nervous regulation during brief but acute stressful periods.4 Exposure to psychological stressors can modulate the primary antibody response.5,6 (4) Some common categories and examples of stressors include: Life experiences such as poverty, unemployment, clinical depression. Obsessive compulsive disorder, heavy drinking,  or insufficient sleep  can also cause stress. Students and workers may face performance pressure stress from exams  and project deadlines. The medical student: Medical students are frequently individuals with a long-standing need for caring, a capacity to tolerate, being in a providing, dispensing, and nurturing relationship with other people. It is not uncommon for medical students to have chosen medicine after a death of a family member or close friend, sometimes with the quite conscious desire to learn how to fight wasteful death. The goal of medical education is to graduate knowledgeable, skilful and professional physicians. The medical school curriculum has been developed to accomplish these ambitions. Medical students are a highly self-selected group who arrive in medical school with a set of developed abilities, motives, adaptive styles, and values that must be taken into account if we are to understand the impact of their medical studies on them. Teams of sociologists have studied the ways medical students organize themselves to excel and to manage the vast amounts of information that they should learn. They consider success in medical school as the first step to a future of helping others and they are not about to jeopardize that. Medical students as a group are attracted to medicine partly because of their special sensitivity to and concern on three psychological issues: death, suffering, and care. Secondly, medical students are distinguished by a preference for certain adaptive techniques, styles, and defences-specifically by a propensity to counter, master, and overcome sources of anxiety, a tendency to react to stress and anxiety. (3) Stress and medical studies: There is extensive literature demonstrating that medical students begin medical school with mental health profiles similar to their non-medical peers. Since the healing profession is distinctively motivated to confront the issues of suffering, death and care, issues that most of their fellows anxiously avoid, through the course of medical school, they experience substantial deterioration in their mental quality of life, due to stress and anxiety. Medical students have to deal with stressors specific to medical school in addition to normal stressors of everyday life which explains this high prevalence of anxiety. (1) Medicine is a kind of training which is emotionally demanding and therefore medical education can be regarded as stressful. High levels of stress have been found in medical students in various studies. Amongst medical students, stress has been reported to be caused by academic pressure, perfectionist standards, increased psychological pressure, mental tension and too much work load. The demanding nature of medical practice requires involvement with the most personal or emotionally draining aspects of life (human suffering, death, sexuality and fear) and these are considered to be stressors. Stress during medical school can lead to problems later in professional life compromising patient care. (1) Studies suggest that medical students experience a high incidence of stress with potential adverse consequences on academic performance, competency, professionalism and health. Medical students experience substantial stress from the beginning of the training process. Students use various coping mechanisms to process stress that vary by year in training and source of stress. The specific coping strategies that students use may determine the effect of stress on psychological and physical health and may determine whether stress has a positive or negative influence. Strategies that centre on disengagement such as problem avoidance, wishful thinking, social withdrawal and self-criticism have negative consequences and correlate with depression, anxiety and poor mental health. In contrast, strategies that involve engagement such as problem solving, positive re-interpretation, reliance on social support and expression of emotion enable medical students to respond in a manner that leads to adaptation, which can reduce stress. Medical education has deleterious consequences. Trainees (students, interns, and residents) suffer high levels of stress, which lead to alcohol and drug abuse,  interpersonal relationship difficulties, depression and anxiety,  and even suicide.  Medical students have mean anxiety scores one standard deviation above those of non-patients. (12) Studies which have tried to identify the sources of stress among medical students generally concern three main areas : academic stress: enormous syllabus to be covered in a limited time, sudden change in their style of studying, flooding of medical science with new concepts, lack of proper guidance, thought of failing in exams, inadequate time allocated to clinical posting, insufficient bed side teaching, social stress : relationship with peer groups, hostel friends, senior teachers, displacement from home, expectations of parents, peer pressure, change in the medium of education, physical stress : inadequate hostel facilities, hostel food etc. (5) Anxiety is also associated with feeling of loneliness, peer competition, long hours and loss of social time. The majority of stressful incidents in traditional curricula are related to medical training rather than to personal problems. (7) Stress may not only impair the quality of life of medical students but can also influence patient care and the complex psychodynamics of the doctor- patient relationship. (5) Stress is receiving increased attention because of the realization that tired, tense, anxious doctors may not provide as high quality care as do those who do not suffer from these debilitating conditions. A medical career can be particularly stressful due to the combination of involvement with life and death and the high expectations of medicine and of doctors held by both the public and doctors themselves. Partly as a result of these pressures and the need to acquire a substantial body of knowledge and skills, medical students experience considerable anxiety at various stages in the curriculum (Arndt et al., 1986; Firth, 1986; Firth-Cozens, 1987; Kidson Hornblow, 1982; Moss McManus, 1992; Tooth et al., 1989). Such anxieties may result in, for example, reduced examination performance (Tooth et al., 1989), increased alcohol consumption (Firth, 1986) and attempted suicide (Warren Wakeford, 1990). (6) Some students may perceive factors such as nutrition, exercise routines, sleep patterns, social activities, having a child to care for, job responsibilities, finances as stressors that they need to overcome in order to achieve a higher academic standing. By themselves, these constraints may have no effect at all on a student, but when combined, a student could perceive them as stressful and these stress factors could have a dramatic effect on a students academic performance. Exam stress during medical studies: Medical students are repeatedly subjected to rigorous examinations in order to check their potential to be a doctor as they have to deal with human life every single day. They have chosen a career which demands not only responsibilities but also ethical and legal liability for others lives. The onus of this responsibility and sheer volume of syllabus places a medical student under tremendous stress prior to professional exams. This stress may manifest with varying magnitude of anxiety (Kidson and Hornblow, 1982) and decrease in psychological health (Aktekin et al, 2001). (13) To a student, the prospect of sitting for an examination could be identified as a stressor and the resulting emotional and physiological state could be described as an exam stress. (4) Many students experience anxiety before a test or exam; a little bit of nervousness can actually enhance performance. However, if stress levels rise to the point where they inhibit performance on the test, then this is considered exam stress. 92% of students said that they got worried during exam time; one fifth of students surveyed revealed that they had suffered anxiety attacks as a result of pre-exam stress. Furthermore, 61% of those questioned cited lack of sleep/insomnia as a result of stress, 51% said that they suffer from headaches or migraines and 47% admitted turning to the one of the worlds best comforts, food. (10) Here below are some of the symptoms of exam stress, which can vary widely in intensity. Some test-takers experience only mild anxiety, and still perform well, but others are left nearly unable to function, failing the test or even experiencing a panic attack. Physical symptoms of exam stress include tremors, sweating, dry mouth, nausea, rapid heartbeat and even fainting. Milder cases include symptoms of butterflies in the stomach, but severe cases can lead to physical illness which must be treated. Behavioural and cognitive symptoms include defiant avoidance of exam situations, or just a little fidgeting. In some cases, exam stress can become so severe that the student is forced to drop out of school entirely just to avoid testing. Many students attempt self-medication with alcohol or drugs; still others report blanking out completely, or experiencing difficulty concentrating, inability to control thoughts and a negative outlook, which are all common behavioural / cognitive symptoms of exam stress. Emotional symptoms of exam stress include low self-esteem, anger, depression and feelings of despair. The students taking the test often feel unable to do anything about their situation, so they may berate or belittle themselves about their performance and their feelings. Exam stress is reported to have a significant impact on the well-being of the student and is associated with changes in the mental and physical health such as increasing anxiety, increasing negative mood and changes in the functions of the immune system. (4) In other words, the exam is one of the stressful events associated with lowered immune system function.14 Academic examinations have often been used in stress research because they are predictable, standardized, and discrete examples of real-life stressors. It was demonstrated that this stress caused a significant neurohormonal change. A small but significant increase in their emotional distress is indicated by an increase in anxiety during the final examination. Glucocorticoids can downregulate the immune activity, but acute stresses were reported to increase the cortisol level.19 Results show that the exam stress can result in significant increase in the cortisol level. (4) According to a study conducted by Shamsdin, et.al. (2010) on thirty five university medical students, two blood samples were provided from each participant one month (first stage) and one hour (second stage) before the exam. The results show that stress has determining effects on the immune response. The exam stress can result a significant increase in the cortisol level. So, these changes may indicate the alterations of immunological status and presence of stress in an immunosuppressed individual, affecting his / her health. Under stressful conditions, the hypothalamus releases corticotrophins into the blood circulation and when it reaches the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, adrenocorticotrophic hormones are released into the blood circulation. When this reaches the adrenal gland, lucocorticoids are released which are chemicals that modulate or regulate the immune response. Since lymphocytes have receptors for glucocorticoids as well as other steroid hormones associated with r esponses to stress, the brain and immune system are sufficiently well connected to one to influence the other. Exam stress  involves a combination of physiological over-arousal, worry and dread about test performance, and often interferes with normal learning and lowers test performance. It is a physiological condition in which people experience extreme stress, anxiety, and discomfort during and/or before taking a test. Exam stress is prevalent amongst the student populations of the world, and has been studied formally since the early 1950s. During states of excitement or stress the body releases the hormone adrenaline. This hormone is responsible for preparing the body for danger, or the fight or flight response. Adrenaline is known to cause the physical symptoms one might experience that accompany exam stress such as increased heart rate, sweating, and rapid breathing.  [3]   Symptoms of exam stress can range from moderate to severe. Students who exhibit moderate symptoms are still able to perform relatively well on exams.  [5]  Other students with severe stress will often experience panic attacks. Student expectations are one major mental factor. For example, if a student believes that he or she will perform poorly on an exam, he/she is far more likely to become anxious before and during a test. (9) Exam stress is the emotional reaction that some students face before exams. The fear is not irrational, but excessive fear interferes with performance. Many researchers suggest that a little worry is good for students because it keeps them task oriented; however excessive worry on the other hand can be very debilitating and interferes with the results if not managed appropriately. (2) Exam stress is a set of responses that includes excessive worry, depression, nervousness and irrelevant thinking to a class of stimuli from an individuals experience of assessment / test and outcome. It is experienced by many students while undertaking any exam. There are four main areas of reported stresses which can contribute to exam stress including life style issues, lack of required information, studying style and psychological factors. (2) Life styles related issues include inadequate rest, insufficient physical activity, poor nutrition and lack of time management are found to be the contributing factors leading to exam stress as reported by many authors. Psychological factors which contribute significantly to exam stress are negative and irrational thinking about exams, outcomes of exams and feelings of no control over exam situation (e.g. going blank during exam) are reported by many authors. Students perception of extensive course load is also reported to cause exam stress in medical students. Examination system itself is a major stress factor for medical students. (2) In other words, the phrase exam is the same stimulus, but some medical students will be feeling very worked up about the exam, others will be more laid back. The internal and behavioural response will be different for each of them. Psychologists try to find out the factors affecting this interaction and stress management depends on the perceived interaction and response. Gender is likely to be an important factor in students anxiety. Women are reported to be more anxious than men, both overall and for most individual situations. (6) Anxiety levels increase in medical students just before exams, with female students found to be more anxious than males, shows a study undertaken by the Armed forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune, India (Pahwa, et. al., 2008). (14) According to this study labelled A study of exam related anxiety amongst medical students pre-exam anxiety levels are seen to be higher in female than male population indicating greater increase in anxiety levels amongst females. This is in agreement with other studies that substantiate presence of sex differences in exam related anxiety, with female students having higher test anxiety than male students (Chapell et al 2005, Eller et al 2006). (13) Females are more likely to report concern and stress due to self expectation, a feeling of lack of competence and a tendency to over report symptoms. (1) Comparison of rankings between 1992 and 1995 Birmingham students shows that rankings were consistent over time for both genders, particularly for the higher ranked questions. More detailed analysis of the 1995 data shows that individual female students were more likely to have higher total scores than male students. (6) All stress factors were more common among female students with statistically significant differences in factors which included: studying all night before exams, feeling no control over exam situations, improper nutrition and lack of exercise. Personality and stress: Mental health professionals believe personality plays a significant role in how individuals perceive stress (Martin, 2011). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define stress as a product of the relationship between the person and the environment. Stress occurs when a person appraises a stressful event as exceeding his / her coping abilities or threatening his / her well being. Personality can influence both health related and everyday behaviours and is also related to an individuals appraisal of a stressful experience (Booth-Kewley, 1994). Stress is not a simple, stimulus-response reaction; rather it is the interaction between an individual and the environment, involving subjective perception and assessment of stressors, thus constituting a highly personalised process. Specific inherited characteristics, early experience in life, and in particular, learned cognitive predispositions make individuals more or less susceptible to the effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability to stressors as well as intensity of stress response mainly depend on age, gender, intelligence, and many other characteristics of personality (19). (Psychiatrike. 2011. Stress and personality. Lecic-Tosevski D, Vukovic O, Stepanovic J. psychiatric Department, Belgrade University, School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.) Research has indicated that certain personality traits can make individuals more vulnerable to stress. There is a number of personality traits that could be described which measure human personality. A broad and comprehensive way of identifying the traits and structure of human personality is the Five Factor model (Digman, 1990). J.M. (1990). (Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model.Annual Review of Psychology  41: 417-440). Five Factor Model: This model has originated in a decades-long factor-analytic research tradition (13). Most researchers goal was to create a brief inventory that would allow efficient and flexible assessment of the five dimensions when there is no need for more differentiated measurement of individual facets. (6) Big Five has proven useful as a framework for organizing any findings on adult personality in areas such as behavioural genetics and industrial psychology. (6) The five factor model of personality is better understood as a lexical and factor analytic derived personality approach (Haslam, 2007). McCrae and Costa (1991) claim that this model provides a comprehensive taxonomy of personality traits. However this model has not always been regarded as noteworthy (McAdams, 1992). McCrae and Costa have conducted a lot of research on the model, including cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs (Cavanaugh Blanchard-Fields, 2006) and they argue that the model includes a large number of traits found in language and scientific theory. Thus, this model allows for a systematic approach to personality (12). The five factors model is more than a simple classification of basic personality traits. By the late 1980s, Costa and McCrae were convinced that they and other researchers had found a stable structure of personality. (11) In McCrae and Costas (1996, 1999, 2003) personality theory , behaviour is predicted by understanding the three central or core components and the three peripheral ones. The three central components include (1) basic tendencies, (2) characteristic adaptations, and (3) self-concept. (11) The five factors are labelled by McCrae and Costa (1992) as extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. These dimensions make up the personality traits of the five-factor model, which is often referred to as the Big Five (Goldberg, 1981). The first of the five factors is extraversion. Extraversion has a different importance in different measures. Sometimes it is based on assertiveness, sometimes on spontaneity and energy. Sometimes it is based on dominance, confidence, and agency (Depue Collins 1999), sometimes on a tendency toward happiness. Extraversion is often thought to be implying sociability (Ashton et al. 2002). Others see a sense of agency and a sense of sociability as two facets of extraversion (Depue Morrone- Strupinsky 2005). Finally, others argue sociability is a by-product of other features of extraversion (Lucas et al. 2000). A connection has also been made between extraversion and the approach temperament; thus, some now view extraversion as reflecting a relative sensitivity of a general approach system (DepueCollins 1999, Caspi Shiner 2006, Caspi et al. 2005, ElliottThrash 2002, Evans Rothbart 2007). People who score high on extraversion tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, joiners, and fun-loving. In contrast, low extraversion scorers are likely to be reserved, quiet, loners, passive, and unable to express strong emotion (11). The second factor, neuroticism, refers to the ease and frequency with which a person becomes upset and distressed. Moodiness, anxiety, and depression indicate higher neuroticism. Measures often include items or facets relevant to hostility and other negative feelings, but they are dominated by vulnerability to anxiety and general distress. Neuroticism has been associated with the avoidance temperament discussed above (Caspi Shiner 2006, Caspi et al. 2005, EvansRothbart 2007), suggesting that anxiety and sensitivity to threat is its emotional core. People who score high on neuroticism tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. Those who score low on neuroticism are usually calm, even-tempered, self-satisfied, and unemotional. (11) The next factor is agreeableness. Agreeable people are friendly and helpful ( John Srivastava 1999), empathic (Graziano et al. 2007), and capable of inhibiting their negative feelings (Graziano Eisenberg 1999). Agreeable people become angry over others transgressions than do less agreeable people (Meier Robinson 2004), and this probably short-circuits aggression (Meier et al. 2006). At the opposite pole is an oppositional or antagonistic quality. People who are low in agreeableness display their power to deal with social conflict (Graziano et al. 1996). Agreeableness as a dimension is often characterized as being broadly concerned with maintaining relationships (Jensen- Campbell Graziano 2001). People who score high on agreeableness tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, acceptant, and good-natured. Those who score low are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people (11). The most commonly used label for the next factor is conscientiousness, although this label does not fully represent the qualities of planning, persistence, and purposeful trying to achieve goals that are part of it (Digman Inouye 1986). Other suggested names include constraint and responsibility, reflecting qualities of impulse control and reliability. Specific qualities included in this trait vary considerably across measures (Roberts et al. 2005). Individuals who score high on conscientiousness are hardworking, conscientious, punctual, and persevering. In contrast, people who score low on conscientiousness tend to be disorganized, negligent, lazy, and aimless and are likely to give up when a project becomes too difficult (11). Agreeableness and conscientiousness share an important property. Both suggest breadth of perspective. Many manifestations of conscientiousness imply taking future contingencies into account. Agreeableness implies a broad social perspective: taking the needs of others into account. It has been suggested that both of these traits have their origins in the effortful control temperament (Ahadi Rothbart 1994, Caspi Shiner 2006, Jensen-Campbell et al. 2002). The fifth factor, most often called openness to experience (Costa McCrae 1985), is the one about which there is most disagreement as far as content is concerned. Some measures (and theories) enrich this factor with greater overtones of intelligence, terming it intellect (Peabody Goldberg 1989). The fifth factor involves curiosity, flexibility, imaginativeness, and willingness to immerse oneself in atypical experiences (McCrae 1996). People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences would score high on openness to experience. They are creative, imaginative, curious, liberal and have a preference for variety. Those who score low on openness tend to support traditional values and to preserve a fixed style of living and they are typically conventional, down-to-earth, conservative, and not at all curious. (13) Big Five and Medical students: Most of the research on the Big Five is based on self and peer ratings, typically made by college students. (6) Conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness have been shown to be related significantly to academic performance (Poropat, 2009). (15) Neuroticism, in contrast, has a negative significant relationship with academic performance. The relation between educational operation and neuroticism, particularly with regard to anxiety in stressful situations such as university examinations has been clarified 14 (18). It is often claimed that, besides cognitive abilities, a mixture of personality characteristics is necessary for people to be successful in medical studies and eventually in the medical profession. However, there is debate as to which personality traits are typical of students in medical studies as compared to students in other academic fields 1-3. (5) A study conducted by Nauert (2009) which was labelled Personality profile of medical students studied more than 600 Belgian students over their seven years of medical studies to determine what impact their personality had on their performance. The researchers employed a commonly used test to measure the Big Five personality traits. Although the study was conducted in Belgium, the personality factors and the modern medical practices are similar around the world so personality should consistently relate to valued outcomes in medical education. Personality traits can reveal a lot about how students perform during the different demands and emphases of a students medical studies. For example, trait conscientiousness was a good predictor of learning success throughout the medical studies of the students. The researchers speculated that extraverted students are more likely to spend less time on studying than on their social relationships during the first years of medical school, which could hinder their academic performance and result in lower grades, whereas students who scored well in persistence and conscientiousness experienced success in their studies (Grohol, 2009). Big Five and Stress: Personality has been linked to the probability of experiencing stressful situations (Bolger Zuckerman, 1995) and to the evaluation of an event as stressful (Guthert, Cohen Armeli, 1999). Stress plays a role in personality/psychopathology associations (Klein, Wonderlich, Shea, 1993). Stressful reactions act as a medi