Heart of Darkness: Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay -- Psychoanalysis Si

Heart of Darkness Psychoanalytic CriticismPsychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the proficiency of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. through and through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited have (Guerin 127). One of Freuds most important contributions to the study of the psyche is his theory of repression the unconscious mind is a repository of repressed desires, feelings, memories, wishes and instinctual drives many of which have to do with sexuality and violence. These unconscious wishes, according to Freud, can find expression in dreams because dreams distort the unconscious material and make it appear dif ferent from itself and more pleasurable to consciousness. They may also appear in other disguised forms, like in language (sometimes called the Freudian slips), in creative art and in neurotic behavior. One of the unconscious desires Freud believed that all human beings supposedly suppress is the childhood desire to dis enthrone the parent of the same sex and to take his or her place in the affections of the parent of the opposite sex. This so-called Oedipus Complex, which all children experience as a rite of passage to adult gender identity, lies at the core of Freuds sexual theory (Murfin 114-5).A principal element in Freuds theory is his assignment of the mental processes to three psychic zones the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the passional, irrational, and unconscious region of the psyche. It is the site of the energy of the mind, energy that Freud characterized as a combination of sexual libido and other instincts, such as aggression, that propel the human organis m through life, pathetic it to grow, develop and eventually to die. That primary process of life is completely irrational, and it cannot distinguish reasonable objects and unreasonable or socially unacceptable ones. Here comes the secondary processes of the mind, lodged in the ego and the superego. The ego, or I, was Freuds term for the predominantly rational, logical, orderly and conscious part of the psych... ...ut Librairie Du Liban Publishers SAL, 1994. Guerin, Wilfred L., et al. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. 4th ed. New York Oxford University Press, 1999.Hewitt, Douglas. Conrad A Reassessment. foundation Literature Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 789-92. Hughs, Richard E. The Lively Image Four Myths in Literature. Cambridge, MA Winthrop Publishers, 1975.Karl, Frederick R. A Readers Guide To Joseph Conrad. World Literature Criticism. Ed. Polly Vedder. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 785-9. Leavis, F. R. From The Great Tradit ion. A unimaginative Reader in contemporary Literary Theory. London Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996. 246-7 Mudrick, Marvin. The Originality of Conrad. World Literature Criticism. Ed. PollyVedder. Vol. 4. Detroit Gale, 1992. 782-5. Murfin, Ross C. Joseph Conrad Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York St. Martins Press, 1989. Sad, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York Knopf, 1979. Wright, Elizabeth. Psychoanalytic Criticism. Encyclopedia Of Literature And Criticism. 1991 ed. 765-7.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway :: essays research papers

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway &9"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" by Ernest Hemingway is a story which emphasizes on three epoch groups that each have a different view of life. By analyzing the three different points of view, we see Hemingways perspective of an old man. The short story is to the highest degree an old man that sits in a real invigorated bar every so often who drinks away at two o time in the morning and is the last one to leave. There are three hosts one is a young man, one is an older gentleman, and the last is a very old man. All the waiters see him in a different way based on their age.&9The young waiter was in a arouse to close the bar an hour earlier because there was only the lonely old man in it. It was two a.m. and the bar is supposed to close at three. This young man throws the old man out of the bar just so he can go into bed with his wife. The young man has utterly no respect for the older man who is deaf. He yelled at the old m an saying, "You should have killed yourself last week." The waiter treats him like an obstacle as if he is slowing down his life.&9The second waiter introduced is a middle-aged man. He does not say much, but it seems as though that this is because he does not trust to get in a fight with the younger waiter. All he does is ask the young waiter questions, as if the middle-aged waiter was sort of stuck in a catch twenty-two. The middle aged man felt for the old man but could not express his feelings to the younger waiter.&9Lastly, there is the old waiter. He is some where around the age of the old man that sat at the turn off. He definitely feels for the man at the table because he knows what it is like to be old and lonely. The waiter says, "I am of those who like to stay late at the café, with all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night." The waiter knows that the café/bar is a very nice place for people at night , especially the old, because it is clean and well lit. He says, "Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be someone who needs the café.

Fossil Gaps Essay examples -- Geology Evolution Essays Biology

Fossil GapsThe study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution. (Campbell, 260) Or does it? The fact is that the fossil record is a silent testimony against Darwins erroneous theories of the fossil record documenting his idea of macroevolution. The book, biological science Concepts and Connections (hereafter referred to as Biology), clearly agrees with the evolutionary outlook of fossils being a rich extraction of evidence for evolution. (Campbell, 260) However, this book, along with most evolutionists, avoids the substantial questions the fossil record actually represents. In the rock layers of the earth, scientists have found many fossils (preserved traces of plants and animals). According to evolutionary paleontologists (scientists study fossil remains), the history of this world is recorded in the rocks that make up the earths crust and the fossils that they contain. Evolutionists claim that these rocks have been forming, wearing away, and reforming since the world bega n. (Halbach, 387) Although Biology often overlooks the criteria arguing against evolution, it still contains the gaps that the evolutionary theory possesses. Among these gaps atomic number 18 the arguments against the fossil record circular reasoning, reversed geological columns, polystrate fossils, sediment accumulation, inconclusive physical evidence, and neglect of transitional fossils. A scientist named Gliedman gives an excellent summary reflecting upon the latter dispute No fossil or other physical evidence directly connects man to ape.... The line for gradualists those who support gradual evolution or orthodox Darwinian evolution is that... these ancestral species remain essentially unchanged throughout their million-year life spans, yet apiece of them differs comfortably from its immediate predecessor. (Glideman, 90-91)Biology holds the evolutionary view of older fossils deep in the strata are those of the primitive evolving organisms. The youngest rocks, which are on the topmost strata of the earths crust, are supposed to contain fossils of organisms which have more recently evolved and therefore are similar to organisms alive today. Geologists and paleontologists have devised a geological time chart to sight what they assume to be the evolutionary outline of the earths history. According to this time scale, the earths history can be divided into eras each ... ...ry tales with facts. It is true that evolution has been mixed with science for the last thirty years, but that does not mean that it is the same as science it is simply another scientific theory. Bibliography1. Baker, Sylvia. Bone of Contention Is Evolution true? USA Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company, 1996.2. Campbell, Neil A., Lawrence G. Mitchlell, and Jane B. Reece. Biology Concepts and Connections, Third ed. Canada Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1994.3. Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. New York Princeton University Press, 1962. 4. Gliedman, John. Mutations. Scienc e Digest. New York Hafner, 1982.5. Hakbach, John. Science parliamentary law and Reality. USA A Beka Book Publications, 1995.6. McLean, G. S. McLean, Larry Oakland, Roger. The Bible Key to Understanding the Early Earth. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Southwest Radio Church, 1987.7. Morris, Henry M. Scientific Creationism. El Cajon, calcium Master Books, April 1985.8. Schuchert, Charles. A TextBook of Geology. London John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995.9. Stanley, Steven M. Fossil. World Book Online. Americas Ed., Worldbookonline.com. Chicago World Book, Inc., 2002.

Shattered Dreams in Stolen Party :: stolen

Shattered Dreams in Stolen Party   In the story Stolen Party written by Liliana Heker, a girls dreams are shattered by the bitter reality of her destiny. Rosaura spends most of her time trying to convince her father, as well as everyone at the birthday party, that being an improve girl makes her an equal to everyone at the party. She feels great determination to become a part of her friend Lucianas lifestyle even though it would be rebelling against her fixs wishes. Rosaura almost believes she has accomplished this feat until she is harshly brought back to reality and faced with her position in life once again. It will be an unaccepted struggle to overcome the class status that she was born into with the many factors against her. When Rosauras mother can tell her starry-eyed daughter who is full of hope and ingenuousness that, The problem with you, young lady, is that you like to fart higher than your ass (Heker 1133), it creates a bitterness between them and damages t he idea of Rosaura improving herself. The mother does not motivation Rosaura to go the rich peoples party, maybe due to fear that her daughter might experience the cold shoulder from the upper class, or perhaps out of fear that Rosaura might truly make it and leave the mother behind. The fact that this mother could have this incredibly mature conversation with her daughter moreover even nine, and that Rosaura could say to her mother rich people go to heaven too, indicates the maturity of the daughter as well as her intelligence level that was already higher than her mothers. Rosaura proceeds to tell her mother what a friend is. However despite her greatest efforts to make her mother understand, her mother continues to keep throwing blackball thoughts and opinions at her. The next hindrance Rosaura experiences is at the party. She is confronted by a high class young girl who is the cousin of her friend Luciana. After numerous questions nearly who Rosaura was, the young girl tell s her you are not a friend of Luciana because Im her cousin and I know all her friends (1135). Rosaura maintained her ground with the slew of questions thrown at to her. Not until the question of how was she Lucianas friend came up did Rosaura start to become defeated by her social class. Rosaura recited the line my mothers an employee, a face-saving but still revealing statement that had been instilled in her head (1135).

To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Es

To comp ar the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. I have selected triad poems, The soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et decorousness Est, and anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen.Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1.To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Ihave selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce etDecorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by WilfredOwen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Estbecause they are very similar and show the horrors of the war. On theother hand, I chose The Soldier because it is a complete contrastand is about the remembrance of the soldiers, who are portrayed asheroes.Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was born on March 18, 1893. He was abroadteaching until he visited a hospital for the wounded, he then decidedto return to England in 1915 and enlisted. Owen was injured in March1917 and was sent home. By august 1917 he was cons idered fit for dutyand he then returned to the front lines. Just seven geezerhood before theArmistice he was shot dead by a German machine gun attacker. Owen wasonly twenty-five years old.The title Dulce et Decorum Est is part of a Latin saying, Dulce etdecorum est Pro patria mori, which means it is sweet and fitting todie for ones country. But using this title it makes the poem seem asif it is going to glorify the war and all the people who fought forEngland in it. Owen writes from experience and from within a group ofsoldiers. He shows this by using inclusive lyric poem like we. Owenwrites, we cursed through the sludge. He also uses the word ourand writes, And towards our distant rest beg... ...answers.On the other hand Dulce et Decorum Est is just a poem. The Soldierhas an instruction and how to honour the deceased soldiers.Dulce et Decorum Est is a first hand experience of life on the frontlines, in contrast to The Soldier which is from Rupert Brookes mindas he never fought i n the war.The Soldier may have given families of soldiers hope, incontradiction to Dulce et Decorum Est which may have caused bigamounts of controversy and hatred towards Wilfred Owen.In studying the poems and comparing them there is a final conclusion.Wilfred Owens poems have a tendency to be more explicit and striking, eon Rupert Brooke glorifies the war and the soldiers who fought init. This is because Wilfred Owen was strongly against war and feltthat people who were supporters of the war should understand what theyhad to go through.

To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Es

To compare the ways in which these poems give away the horrors of war. I have selected cardinal poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce et decorousness Est, and Anthem for unsaved Youth, both written by Wilfred Owen.Compare how these poems show the horrors of World War 1.To compare the ways in which these poems display the horrors of war. Ihave selected three poems, The Soldier, by Rupert Brooke, Dulce etDecorum Est, and Anthem for Doomed Youth, both written by WilfredOwen. I chose Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et Decorum Estbecause they are very similar and show the horrors of the war. On theother authorize, I chose The Soldier because it is a complete contrastand is about the commemoration of the soldiers, who are portrayed asheroes.Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was born on March 18, 1893. He was abroadteaching until he visited a hospital for the wounded, he accordingly decidedto return to England in 1915 and enlisted. Owen was injured in March1917 and was sent home. By august 1917 he was considered fit for dutyand he then returned to the movement lines. Just seven days before theArmistice he was shot dead by a German machine gun attacker. Owen wasonly xxv years old.The human action Dulce et Decorum Est is part of a Latin saying, Dulce etdecorum est Pro patria mori, which means it is sweet and fitting todie for ones country. But using this title it makes the poem seem asif it is going to glorify the war and all the people who fought forEngland in it. Owen writes from experience and from within a group ofsoldiers. He shows this by using inclusive words like we. Owenwrites, we cursed through the sludge. He also uses the word ourand writes, And towards our distant rest beg... ...answers.On the other hand Dulce et Decorum Est is just a poem. The Soldierhas an instruction and how to honour the deceased soldiers.Dulce et Decorum Est is a first hand experience of life on the waitlines, in contrast to The Soldier which is from Rupert Brookes mindas h e never fought in the war.The Soldier may have given families of soldiers hope, incontradiction to Dulce et Decorum Est which may have caused vastamounts of controversy and hatred towards Wilfred Owen.In studying the poems and comparing them there is a final conclusion.Wilfred Owens poems have a tendency to be more explicit and striking,while Rupert Brooke glorifies the war and the soldiers who fought init. This is because Wilfred Owen was strongly against war and feltthat people who were supporters of the war should understand what theyhad to go through.

Carter cleaning

Honesting interrogation at carter cleaning follow. Questions and Answers. 1 -What would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifers company of routinely administering honest tests to all its employees? Polygraph testing raises a large number of legal and moral issues issues Carter Cleaning must avoid. using some of the available paper and pencil honesty tests may be a possibility. In general, these have been shown to be reasonably reliable and valid.They be still controversial. The costs associated with these tests may in addition make them prohibitive to a menial operation like Jennifers carter cleaning. 2. SpecifIcally, what other screening techniques could the company use to screen out stealing-prone employees? How exactly could these techniques be used? More thorough background checks are a recommend technique to eliminate thieves. Some firms chose to contract this out to a private security agency (Costmay be an Issue to Jennifer.However, the company lot quickly chec k to see If savlngsfrom educed theft would offset the cost of an outside agency. As part of the job preview,Carter must communicate that jobs in her company are worth keeping dishonesty and theft will not be tolerated. Further company policies regarding theft should be clearly communicated to new and existing employees. 3. How should her company terminate employees caught stealing and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for Jobs?Terminating employees for theft should accept the involvement of proper authorities and should only be done when there is absolute proof of the theft and who committed it. Such an action will also send a message to the other employees that you will not tolerate theft of company resources . While many employers are reluctant to prosecute employees for theft , developing evidence with police and through the courts can be beneficial in providing future employers of t he individual with truthful and factual Information.

Moral Recovery Program

Moral convalescence Program, An Overview annunciation No. 62 dated 30 September 1992 declared a Moral Recovery Program in response to the necessitate to strengthen the moral resources of the Filipino people rooted in Filipino culture, values and ideals that are professional God, pro people, pro country and pro nature. This Moral Recovery Program (MRP) refers to the national campaign for moral renewal which includes the objectives, strategies and cumulative experiences generated in the course of implementing Presidential Proclamation No. 62.Its vision is to jockstrap the Filipino nation to become God-centered, people-empowered, prosperous national community living in unity, justice, freedom, love and peace governed by a visionary government that is democratic, responsive and effective, graft-free, transparent and self-corrective with a community of civil and military servants who are professional, competent, disciplined and trustworthy. It is about time that our political and spe ctral leaders work hand in hand to bring about moral order in Philippine society.Freedom of worship and religion must be guaranteed. The family must be strengthened as the basic unit of society. Promote the values of integrity, excellence and service starting from the home, school, church and communities. There must be zero tolerance against violence, corruption and exploitation. Bring back the BAYANIHAN SPIRIT in order to instill civic consciousness and sense of patriotism among citizenry. Reaction make-upAccording to the definition on the first page, Moral Recovery Program or MRP refers to the national campaign for moral renewal in response to the need to strengthen the moral resources of the Filipino people rooted in Filipino culture, values and ideals that are pro God, pro people, pro country and pro nature. In the definition, I can say that this program is very good not only for Filipinos but also to some other people around the world.We know that every last(predicate) peopl e have problems and as I observe, some people nowadays experiencing problems dont seek to God to ingest help or ask guidance but instead they make money as their personal savior. And as for Filipinos, this national campaign for moral renewal can really help to restore and establish the Filipino culture not only in the Philippines but also to other countries. Maybe through this program, Filipinos will now figure to love their culture. Filipinos now will not waste their money demoralizeing imported things from abroad instead they will spend all their money to buy their countrys product.And also, some Filipinos who are not proud of their culture will now be proud and they will also promote it to other countries. This national campaign for renewal also helps nurture and preserves Mother Earth. Through this campaign, some people will now avoid cutting trees, do kaingin, killing endangered species and many more. And through this campaign people will learn that Mother Earth is very impo rtant to us and we must hold open our beloved Mother Earth from our wrong activities while its not too late.

Elearning Business Plan

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY OF WORK I affirm that the attached work is entirely my own, except where the spoken linguistic communication or ideas of other writers atomic number 18 specific whollyy acknowledged according to accepted citation conventions. This assignment has not been submitted for any other course at Robert Kennedy College or any other institution. I have revised, edited and proofread this motif. Veronika Olenika, 10/08/2012 CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its supplying is fully acknowledged and fully dis closured in this paper.I have also cited any sources (footnotes or endnotes) from which I use data, ideas, theories, or words, whether quotes directly or paraphrased. I further acknowledge that this paper has been prep bed by me specifically for this course. Veronika Olenika, 10/08/2012 Midterm tryout Entrepreneurship Word count 3016 (excluding bibliography, table of contents, appendic es, exhibits) scalawag 1 add-in of Contents 1 Executive Summary 4 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 2 Service 4 Business Case .. 4 Market Size 5 Start-up costs .. 6 Pay-off care Team .. 7 Business Plan 8 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 Overview 8 Business Model . 8 Market summary Financial Statements 11 public Strategy (Development Plan) . 13 Competitive Advantage 15 Appendix 1 Management Team . 16 Exhibits. 8 Bibliography 24 Exhibits List tabularise 1 Forecasted Income Statements . 5 Table 2 Calculated Market Sh atomic number 18 . 6 Table 3 Survey Participants per Age assembly .. 10 Table 4 Survey Results 0 rapscallion 2 Table 5 Projected 3 stratums Income Statement 11 Table 6 Projected 3 stratums Balance Sheet 12 Table 7 Projected 3 classs property Flow 12 watch 1 Survey Results . 4 come across 2 Forecasted break-even chart Figure 3 Start-up Roadmap 14 Figure 4 Calculated NPV for the start-up 18 Figure 5 Projected monthly Financial Statement of Accounts fo r 2012/2013 18 Figure 6 Projected Monthly Financial Statement of Accounts for 2014 .. 19 Figure 7 Projected Monthly Financial Statement of Accounts for 2015 .. 0 Figure 8 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2013 20 Figure 9 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2014 21 Figure 10 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2015 . 21 Figure 11 Projected Monthly exchange Flow 2012/2013 . 22 Figure 12 Projected Monthly Cash Flow 2014 2 Figure 13 Projected Monthly Cash Flow 2015 23 page 3 1 Executive Summary 1. 1 Service e-Individual Language Course is a new service for the market in my country. This run pull up s occupys help flock who ar willing to contract foreign lectures (Russian, side, German, cut, Italian, Spanish, Norwegian, Finnish and other lyrics) to accomplish this directly from their offices and/or homes with no deficiency to go to the special(prenominal) course place and to spend time for the way to and from the course venue. 1. 2 Business CaseAnalysis of th e market has revealed that the need in foreign languages knowledge is growing constantly. This is inevitable for condescension expansion to other markets and in lay to keep the agonistical advantage of already existing creasees. It became obvious to the different spate that foreign language knowledge is compulsory to seize the lucrative opportunities. There is a plenty of proposals on the market for foreign language courses, but you have to arrive to a certain place Language course office 1. to join the group and the time of the course which is not always comfortable 2. o have an separate language course session for the price that is higher(prenominal) than for group training According to the recent research 81% of people are willing to choose the selected language stop-by-itemly and not inside the group, however they are constrained with the price of the individual language session. The same research revealed that 90% of the aforementioned people are ready to take an a dvantage of distance learning in order to save their time and to have the flexibility for other tasks and duties they are induce to fulfill.Besides that, they are ready to pay slightly higher price that is defined for the group trainings and slightly lower price that is defined for the individual trainings. Figure 1 Survey Results Would you take a disctance learning course? 6% 1% 3% Would you select the individual language course if this would cost 2/3 from the current price? 1% 5% 13% 90% 81% Rather Yes Yes Rather No No Rather Yes Yes Rather No No scalawag 4Our proposal To provide individual language course sessions at two thirds of the currently existing price on the market (15 EUR vs. 20 EUR excl. VAT) This possiblely attracts to us 30% of currently lost market and also 50% of the people who are willing to change their educational sessions from group to individual approach. The forecasted Income didactics is presented for your reference below, please refer to the 2. 4 Financ ial Statements Chapter for details. Table 1 Forecasted Income StatementsIncome Statement for years ended Dec-12 Sales (50% of average sales is expected in the first in operation(p) year) electrical energy Utilities Internet exact Advertisment Salaries (teachers) Salaries (managing director/ HR motorcoach) Salary (Assistant) Salary (control) dispraise (equipment) amplification beforehand Interset come to (2%) Profit befor appraise Taxes (35%) Profit/ redness after Tax Dec-13 Dec-14 Dec-15 (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) 114,660. 00 (330. 00) (330. 0) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (3,000. 00) (61,600. 00) (5,500. 00) (3,850. 00) (6,600. 00) (4,620. 00) 22,590. 00 (1,242. 00) 21,348. 00 (32,844. 00) (11,496. 00) 176,400. 00 (360. 00) (360. 00) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (1,200. 00) (67,200. 00) (12,000. 00) (4,200. 00) (7,200. 00) (4,620. 00) 73,020. 00 (1,242. 00) 71,778. 00 (32,844. 00) 38,934. 00 176,400. 00 (360. 00) (360. 00) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (1,200. 00) (67,200. 00) (12,000. 00) (4,200. 00) (7,200. 00) (4,620. 00) 73,020. 0 (621. 00) 72,399. 00 (32,844. 00) 39,555. 00 1. 3 Market Size The likely for the market is huge for the service proposed, referable to the fact that we are not constrained with students and teachers somatic presence at one place, these constraints are resolved by means of world wide web internet entry and social networking applications interchangeable Skype and others. However in order to start with a prototype for our service we are aiming to the audience of around 635000 inhabitants of our country who fall at heart the 19-60 age group. 0% of this amount has to know at to the lowest degree two languages due to the geographical position of the country and the services/products this country is focusing on, olibanum our audience is 508000 people. Lets assume that according to the statistics only 3rd part of them has their own PCs Workstations, Note books or iPads, gum olibanum our audience now is limited to 152400 people. Page 5 These people will come from different areas, but due to the fact that the main service areas for our country are tourism, woods and IT services we do have a unplayful opportunity for the service proposed.With the be after teachers capacity we will cover 7% (refer to Calculated Market Share) of the market per year with speculation that every customer will stay with us at least for one year. Thus, we have a very good outlook for our service propagation. Table 2 Calculated Market Share teachers working days sessions a day capacity for one year* cipher market size % of the for sale market 8 230 6 11040 152400 7% 1. 4 Start-up costs Start-up costs for the service are 62 snow EUR to be prepared to start the course on a high quality level.The start-up costs include but are not limited to Company legal authorization Office re-engineering/ reading costs Language programs adaptation for on-line sessi ons Internet connection set-up Office ar stationments (furniture, stationery, etc. ) Advertisement expenses The start-up investment will be covered by home(a) Bank with Interest rate 2% and for 2 years deferred payment for the borrowed amount. 1. 5 Pay-off We are readiness to break-even in 2 years and 10 months.The assumptions are as follows start operational year Jan-Jun13 in average 50% of planned sales are realized First operational year Jul-Dec13 in average 80% of planned sales are realized Second and subsequent operational years are operated on coke% of the planned sales level. Page 6 Figure 2 Forecasted break-even chart EUR, K 90 60 Potential Reward 30 Break-even 0 t Dec13 Dec14 Dec15 Dec16 Dec17 -30 -60 Depth of hole NPV for the project covering 5 years forecast is equal 31449. 0 EUR (please refer to the Figure 4 Calculated NPV for the start-up). 1. 6 Management Team The Managing manager and HR manager is a Project Management Professional since 2009 (PMI) with exte nsive experience in IT company management. She is a second year General MBA student at Robert Kennedy College, Switzerland. The Accountant is a professional accountant, with an extensive experience in accounting for more than 10 years, operating within the companies up to 250 employees.The Team scarper of the teachers group face language teacher, graduate of the State University with extensive experience of educational programs development and courses conduction. (Please refer to the Appendix 1 Management Team for detailed team members in mixtureation) Page 7 2 Business Plan 2. 1 Overview Our e-Individual Language Course service will tackle at least two issues 1. Provides an opportunity to learn the foreign language individually at a lower price (2/3 from the current market price) 2.Provides flexibility in learning sessions due to individual approach to each and every customer we have. At the moment we are planning to have nine 9 languages in our service, these are English Ger man French Latvian Russian Italian Spanish Norwegian Finnish The languages listed above are of a great interest for our inhabitants due to the reason that the main business focus of the country is Tourism. Another driver to learn the S send packingdinavian languages is an opportunity to find jobs in neighbor countries and to raise the level of living.One individual language session shall last for 60 minutes, i. e. one astronomic hour. The desired time of the session is agreed in advance with the teacher. The session itself is run via Skype hence all the required files could be shared either thru the communication tool or via e-mail in advance. The communication tool, that we are planning to use is designed for video transmission, hence the teacher and the student will see and hear each other like they are in one room. 2. 2 Business ModelThe value marriage offer of the e-Individual Language Course service is to provide our customers the high quality language course at lower prices than currently exists and plan the sessions independently from student physical presence capabilities. Every language teacher has his/her own schedule, which has to be filled with six one hour sessions in a timeframe from 800 until 2200. Having much(prenominal) flexibility in a time table let both the student and the teacher to find the roughly appropriate time slot for the studies.Moreover, the studies sessions must(prenominal) not be scheduled always to one and the same timeslot, but could vary depending on the student availability. Another important thing is that student whitethorn select a number of sessions per week/month, so his/her studies will proceed in the most efficient way. Our teachers will provide a recommendation on the frequency of the language sessions/ lessons, however the final decision will always stay with the student. Page 8 An office space is a savings item for our start-up.We do not need to rent a big office and setup separate rooms for the indiv idual or group language sessions, like our competitors do, due to the fact that teachers and students physical presence is required while the session. We will limit our office space to 3 rooms and our teachers will be placed in a so called boxes in order they will be able to conduct the language sessions expeditiously with their students and would not disturb their colleagues, working at the same time. In addition, for early mornings and late evenings sessions it is allowed to conduct these from teachers homes.The aforementioned saving is quantifiable. We will require 55 m 2 of the office space for all our employees, however if the physical presence would be required for students and their teachers, we would need at least seven 10 m2 spaces, convey 90 m2 together with MD/HR and Accountant rooms. The price for the chosen office space is 10 EUR per square meter per month, when we are talking active the distance learning model. When the physical presence is required we are talking a bout the language office preferably in the city centre with much higher prices 30 EUR per square meter per month.Thus in that respect is an overt saving of 2150 EUR a month, 25800 EUR a year. We do not consider our growth at the current moment. However, we do see the dominance in extension of the languages set and the geographical extension, covering neighbor countries, due to the fact that we have a good knowledge of their language, because of our joint history during a long period of time (from 1917 till 1990). 2. 3 Market Analysis The respective market analytic thinking has been performed. Our analysis has revealed a good potential for our opportunity of e-Learning individual Course service.There are no language course companies with the similar proposals on the market at the moment, thus we are in a good position with our start-up from the market niche point of view. Our country population we are interested in is limited to 635000 inhabitants form the 19-60 years age group. 80% of this amount has to know at least two languages due to geographical position of the country and the services/products this country is focusing on, thus our audience is 508000 people.Lets assume that according to the statistics only every 3rd has their own PCs Workstations, Notebooks or iPads, with respective internet connection and video facilities, thus our audience now is limited to 152400 people. These people arise from different areas, but due to the fact that the main service areas for our country are tourism, woods and IT services we do have a good opportunity for the service proposed. In order to confirm our assumption, the small inspect has been held. The following questions were addressed 1. Are you planning to take a language course within next year? 2.Do you need this for your professional growth/ opportunities? Page 9 3. Would you select the individual language course if this would cost 2/3 from the current price? 1 4. Would you take a distance learning language course? 2 5. If Yes, for Nr. 4 Would this save significantly your time due to unnecessary run short? 3 6. If Yes, for Nr. 4 Would this save significantly your time due to flexible individual schedule? 4 The number of people participating in the Survey was 650 from different age groups (19-60 years). Here is the breakdown of the participants per age-group Table 3 Survey Participants per Age GroupAge group Number per age group % per age group 19-25 225 35% 26-40 325 50% 40-60 100 15% You may look into the survey results below Table 4 Survey Results Nr. Questions / Answers Rather Yes Yes Are you planning to take a language course 1 within the next year? 200 Do you need this for your proffesional growth / 2 opportunities? * 150 Would you select the individual language course if this would cost 2/3 from the current 3 price? * 80 Would you take a distance learning language 4 course? * 20 If Yes, for Nr. 4 Would this save significantly 5 your time due to unnecessary travel? * If Yes, for Nr. 4 Would this save significantly your time due to flexible individual 6 schedule? ** Rather No No 350 420 80 40 20 20 Rather Yes (%) 31% 24% Yes (%) 54% 67% Rather No (%) 12% 6% No (%) 3% 3% 510 570 10 35 30 5 13% 3% 81% 90% 2% 6% 5% 1% 300 236 44 10 51% 40% 7% 2% 120 400 50 20 20% 68% 8% 3% As you may see 85% of the survey participants are planning to take a language course within one year and 94% from them are ready to pay 2/3 of the price that currently is set for the individual lessons on the market.Moreover, our assumption that flexible schedule and time savings due to travel is also important to the respondents has been support 91% and 88% accordingly. The survey results above are very optimistic for our start-up, however in order to attract these people to our service we need to rear the respective advertisement campaign. Our focus for the advertisement campaign is as follows 1 2 3 4 100% constitute the answers Rather Yes, Yes, Rather No 100% constitute the answers Rath er Yes, Yes, Rather No 100% constitute the answers Rather Yes, Yes 100% constitute the answers Rather Yes, Yes Page 10Adds within the public transportation, covering 35% of our potential customers (1625 age group) Adds on radio/TV/Internet (social networks, e-mails), covering the 50% of our potential customers (26-40 years) Post notes, cards, etc. delivered to the mail boxes, covering the rest 15% of our potential customers (40-60 years) We are planning to continue the advertisement of our service further in 2013 2015 depending on the outcome of the first advertisement phase, selecting one or two most effective advertisement channels. 2. Financial Statements The following projected financial statements have been developed for the e-Individual Language Course service, covering 3 years projection of business operations Projected Financial Statements of Accounts (please refer to Figures 4 to 6 in Exhibits section, page 18 for monthly breakdown) Projected Income Statements (please r efer to Figures 7 to 9 in Exhibits section, page 20 for monthly breakdown) Projected Cash flows (please refer to Figures 10 to 11 in Exhibits section, page 22 for monthly breakdown. The yearly summary for all the financial statements mentioned above could be found here Table 5 Projected 3 years Income Statement Sales Electricity Utilities Internet Rent Advertisment Salaries (teachers) Salaries (managing director/ HR manager) Salary (Assistant) Salary (Accountant) wear and tear (equipment) Profit before Interset Interest (2%) Profit befor Tax Taxes (35%) Profit/Loss after Tax Dec-12 (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) Dec-13 114,660. 00 (330. 0) (330. 00) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (3,000. 00) (61,600. 00) (5,500. 00) (3,850. 00) (6,600. 00) (4,620. 00) 22,590. 00 (1,242. 00) 21,348. 00 (32,844. 00) (11,496. 00) Dec-14 176,400. 00 (360. 00) (360. 00) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (1,200. 00) (67,200. 00) (12,000. 00) (4,200. 00) (7 ,200. 00) (4,620. 00) 73,020. 00 (1,242. 00) 71,778. 00 (32,844. 00) 38,934. 00 Dec-15 176,400. 00 (360. 00) (360. 00) (240. 00) (6,000. 00) (1,200. 00) (67,200. 00) (12,000. 00) (4,200. 00) (7,200. 00) (4,620. 0) 73,020. 00 (621. 00) 72,399. 00 (32,844. 00) 39,555. 00 Page 11 Table 6 Projected 3 Years Balance Sheet Balance sheet as at 31-Dec-12 ASSETS Non-current assests Computers, Cofee-machine, etc Accumulated Depreciation (straight-even, 5 years) Language Programs contemporary assets Trade receivables Cash at beach and in hand occur Assets EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Equity Retained Earnings (Profit/Loss) Non-current liabilities new Liabilities Borrowings (all bank overdraft) Trade collectables Total Equity and liabilities Table 7 Projected 3 years Cash Flow 1-Dec-13 31-Dec-14 31-Dec-15 23,100. 00 6,300. 00 29,400. 00 21,800. 00 51,200. 00 (10,000. 00) 23,100. 00 (4,620. 00) 6,300. 00 24,780. 00 14,924. 00 23,100. 00 (9,240. 00) 6,300. 00 20,160. 00 33,478. 00 23,100. 00 (13,860. 00) 6,300. 00 15,540. 00 41,453. 00 56,993. 00 39,704. 00 (21,496. 00) 61,200. 00 53,638. 00 17,438. 00 36,200. 00 56,993. 00 56,993. 00 61,200. 00 51,200. 00 39,704. 00 3,638. 00 Cash flows statement for the year ended operating(a) profit Depreciation costs Interest payable Cash generated from operations Interest paid Taxation paid bring in capital from operation activities Cash flows from investing activities Intangible assets (additions) mesh gold used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Re-payment of Loan notes Net cash outflow from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Reconciliation 31-Dec-12 31-Dec-13 31-Dec-14 31-Dec-15 (10,000. 0) 21,348. 00 71,778. 00 72,399. 00 4,620. 00 4,620. 00 4,620. 00 1,242. 00 1,242. 00 621. 00 (10,000. 00) 27,210. 00 77,640. 00 77,640. 00 (1,242. 00) (1,242. 00) (621. 00) (32,844. 00) (32,844. 00) (32,844. 00) (10,000. 00) (6,876. 00) 43,554. 00 44,175. 00 (10,000. 00) (6,876. 00) 43,554. 00 44,175. 00 (25,000. 00) (36,200. 00) (25,000. 00) (36,200. 00) (10,000. 00) (6,876. 00) 18,554. 00 7,975. 0 (6,876. 00) 18,554. 00 7,975. 00 Page 12 All the above financial statements have been calculated based on the following assumptions The number of personal (11 people) requires at least 5 m2 of the working space according to our countrys labor law, thus the rent was calculated for 55 m 2 office space. Notebooks with headsets and respective software will be required for 10 out of 11 employees, due to the fact that the Managing Director/HR Manager will use her personal notebook during the start-up activities.The language programs adaptation costs will be spent and paid out during the preparation phase to the respective teachers in December2012 The advertisement campaign will be launched in December 2012 to attract as many potential students as p ossible in order to fulfill our assumption for the teachers load for the first half of the operational year 2013 (50% respectively). Considering all of the above our goal is to reach a break-even point in 2 years 10 months and to cover fully the initial investment that was assigned by the National Bank to the company within the same period of time.The Return on Invested Capital5 (http//www. accountingscholar. com/roic. html, accessed on 8-Aug-2012) for years 2014 and 2015 is 64% and 65% accordingly, what is really an impressive number for the service provider company. 2. 5 General Strategy (Development Plan) It is essential to define the major milestones for our start-up. At this major milestones we will cross check our actual Financial Statements with the forecasted ones in order to understand whether we are moving forward as planned or some adjustments are required. 5 ROCI=After Tax Net Income / Capital Invested Page 13Figure 3 Start-up Roadmap 1 Business Plan is Ready 2 The fu nding is received 3 Office is available Language Programs are adapted Advertisements are designed and launched 4 50% teachers capacity workload is reached 2013 H1 actuals are as forecasted 5 80% teachers capacity workload is reached 2013 H2 actuals are as forecasted 6 2014 and beyond actuals are as forecasted milepost 1 BP is ready No doubts the current business plan is a prototype for one more detailed, however it gives the main idea of the opportunity, start-up and its potential development.Milestone 2 The funding for the start-up is available. This is one of the milestones when the start-up really has a chance to grow into a business. The management team of the start-up has to use the available funds according their initial plan to reach their objectives. Of course, some adjustments could be required while moving to further milestones, but this one is a confirmation of the sustainability of your business by the investors/bank. Milestone 3 Here we have to have a re-construct ed office space according to the size we are planning to have, with all the facilities in place and working.The facilities in our case are of utmost importance, due to the fact that our e-Learning Language Course requires very good internet connection (100 Mbs) and video transmission. The furniture and office-boxes for our teachers have to be ready as well. In parallel, to reach Milestone 3 we have to adapt the standard face-to-face language programs to the distant-learning programs. The last but not the least the advertisement has to be ready for launch via 3 advertisement channels mentioned in 2. 3 Market Analysis Chapter. Milestone 4 Now we are in our first operational year.The responsibility of the managing director with the start-up accountant is to monitor closely the sales, expenses, teachers workload and respective financial statements. This is one of the major milestones in a way that if the expected sales are not as high as we have planned or the forecasted expenses Page 14 are higher and increase our operational losses we will have to make a weighted decision whether we have to stay on the market or close the start-up or to change our business model. Milestone 5 Is another important milestone that is planned to be reached by the end of the first operational year of the start-up.The same rules as for Milestone 4 are applied here. Milestone 6 Another check point for the start-up operations. We may consider our services extension and geographical expansion at this milestone in case we are proceeding according to the forecasted financial statements. As you may see from the top, our strategy is bewitching simple and straightforward. We do see the opportunity for the e-Learning Language Course service the most difficult thing would be really to accomplish all the planned milestones one by one making the right decisions at every milestone. Milestone reviews are pointless unless managers use them for making decisions.The decisions help planners determi ne what they can do to ensure success or reduce the cost of failure. (Block and MacMillan, Milestones for Successful Venture Planning, 1998, Harvard Business Review, p. 132) 2. 6 Competitive Advantage At the moment there are no companies on the market, rendering the similar services, thus we are in a very good competitive position at the moment. However, due to the fact that this service could not be patented, we do expect that other companies from the educational branch will start to propose the same service to their customers.Hence our competitive advantage is the time and the quality we are first on the market and we have the best teachers in our industry. Page 15 Appendix 1 Management Team Managing Director / HR Manager Summary Major achievements during the last 5 years of my carrier in several words could be uttered as management, analysis and continuous improvement of the competence areas like Company Business Administration, Portfolio/Project Management, Company Operations and Financial Management. I possess management, business administration, leadership, analysis and communication skills developed up to high levels.Since 2006 Ive contributed into successful project/program management practices, by means of introduction of a all-round(prenominal) estimation, planning and monitoring framework for company projects. It is worth mentioning that since 2007 more than 10 projects (up to 2m ? ) with multiple releases have been delivered to our customers successfully under my supervision and mentoring. Project Management model setup is another achievement I was able to accomplish. It is very important not only to detect the problems, it is much more important to make people understand that they have problems and o organize them in efficient way to resolve these. My personal Project Management experience as far as Project Management Professional PMP certification and participation in conferences and workshops enabled to accomplish this non trivial task. The last but not the least, Ive put in order our Contract Management and Financial Management systems what resulted in tangible financial savings for the company and my current studies on General MBA program of University of Wales at Robert Kennedy College, Switzerland back up me in these endeavors.Education General MBA UoW 2nd year in progress Master of Computer Science, Master degree in Telecommunications (Programming Languages, Math, Diploma on Characters Recognition) Bachelor of radio set electronics (Aviation, Electrical Circuits, Economics, Diploma on Transmission-Line Antennas) Social Skills Strong leadership and communication skills, experience being a mediator between management, customer representatives Page 16Team Lead of Teachers Group Summary An articulate qualified English teacher who is able to effectively communicate with students from diverse backgrounds or varying degrees of ability. A committed and give professional with a proven ability to teach, motivate and di rect students to maximum performance by encouraging a positive and energetic environment. Teaching English Language & Literature from KS3, KS4 and Entry level. Helping pupils to define and identify different types of verbs. Tailoring English teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students.Planning, preparing and delivering lessons to a range of English classes. Conducting up to 6 classes in one day. Marking work and giving appropriate feedback to pupils. Devising and writing new curriculum materials. Preparing pupils for external examinations, such as GCSE and A-level. Leading a group of different language teachers. Country State University, PhD in Modern Languages Master degree in English language and Literature Strong leadership and communication skills Able to use computer-assisted educational resources.Researching new topic areas and maintaining up-to-date subject knowledge. Able to teach vulnerable and sometimes challenging students. A committed and organized professi onal. Education Social Skills Page 17 Exhibits Figure 4 Calculated NPV for the start-up Dec12 Year 2013 Year 2014 Year 2015 (61,200. 00) (11,496. 00) 38,934. 00 (72,696. 00) (33,762. 00) Year 2016 39,555. 00 5,793. 00 Year 2017 40,176. 00 86,145. 00 86,145. 00 31,449. 00 Start-up investment Profit/Loss after taxes NPV 40,176. 00 45,969. 00 Figure 5 Projected Monthly Financial Statement of Accounts for 2012/2013 Statements of Financial position Dec12 EUR ASSETS Non-current assests Computers, Cofee-machine, etc Accumulated Depreciation (straight-even, 5 years) Language Programs latest assets Trade receivables Cash at bank and in hand Total Assets EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Equity Profit/Loss Non-current liabilities Current Liabilities Borrowings (all bank overdraft) Trade payables Total Equity and liabilities 23,100. 00 23,100. 00 (385. 00) 6,300. 00 29,015. 00 28,526. 50 28,526. 50 57,541. 0 23,100. 00 (770. 00) 6,300. 00 28,630. 00 28,143. 00 28,143. 00 56,773. 00 23,100. 00 (1,155. 00) 6,300. 00 28,245. 00 19,248. 50 19,248. 50 47,493. 50 23,100. 00 (1,540. 00) 6,300. 00 27,860. 00 18,565. 00 18,565. 00 46,425. 00 23,100. 00 (1,925. 00) 6,300. 00 27,475. 00 17,881. 50 17,881. 50 45,356. 50 23,100. 00 (2,310. 00) 6,300. 00 27,090. 00 8,987. 00 8,987. 00 36,077. 00 23,100. 00 (2,695. 00) 6,300. 00 26,705. 00 12,713. 50 12,713. 50 39,418. 50 23,100. 00 (3,080. 00) 6,300. 00 26,320. 00 16,440. 00 16,440. 00 42,760. 00 23,100. 00 (3,465. 0) 6,300. 00 25,935. 00 11,955. 50 11,955. 50 37,890. 50 23,100. 00 (3,850. 00) 6,300. 00 25,550. 00 15,682. 00 15,682. 00 41,232. 00 23,100. 00 (4,235. 00) 6,300. 00 25,165. 00 19,408. 50 19,408. 50 44,573. 50 23,100. 00 (4,620. 00) 6,300. 00 24,780. 00 14,924. 00 14,924. 00 39,704. 00 Jan13 Feb13 ? m Mar13 Apr13 May13 Jun13 Jul13 Aug13 Sep13 Oct13 Nov13 Dec13 6,300. 00 29,400. 00 21,800. 00 21,800. 00 51,200. 00 61200 (10,000. 00) (10,000. 00) 61200 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 51,200. 00 (3,658. 50) (3,658. 50) 61,200. 00 61 ,200. 00 57,541. 50 (4,427. 0) (4,427. 00) (13,706. 50) (13,706. 50) (14,775. 00) (14,775. 00) (15,843. 50) (15,843. 50) (25,123. 00) (25,123. 00) (21,781. 50) (21,781. 50) (18,440. 00) (18,440. 00) (23,309. 50) (23,309. 50) (19,968. 00) (19,968. 00) (16,626. 50) (16,626. 50) (21,496. 00) (21,496. 00) 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 56,773. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 47,493. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 46,425. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 45,356. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 36,077. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 39,418. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 42,760. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 37,890. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 0 41,232. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 44,573. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 39,704. 00 Page 18 Figure 6 Projected Monthly Financial Statement of Accounts for 2014 Statements of Financial position Jan14 EUR ASSETS Non-current assests Computers, Cofee-machine, etc Accumulated Depreciation (straight-even, 5 years) Language Programs Current assets Trade receivables Cash at bank and in hand Total Assets EQUITY AND LIABIL ITIES Equity Profit/Loss Non-current liabilities Current Liabilities Borrowings (all bank overdraft) Trade payables Total Equity and liabilities 23,100. 0 (5,005. 00) 6,300. 00 24,395. 00 21,290. 50 21,290. 50 45,685. 50 23,100. 00 (5,390. 00) 6,300. 00 24,010. 00 27,657. 00 27,657. 00 51,667. 00 23,100. 00 (5,775. 00) 6,300. 00 23,625. 00 25,812. 50 25,812. 50 49,437. 50 23,100. 00 (6,160. 00) 6,300. 00 23,240. 00 32,179. 00 32,179. 00 55,419. 00 23,100. 00 (6,545. 00) 6,300. 00 22,855. 00 38,545. 50 38,545. 50 61,400. 50 23,100. 00 (6,930. 00) 6,300. 00 22,470. 00 36,701. 00 36,701. 00 59,171. 00 23,100. 00 (7,315. 00) 6,300. 00 22,085. 00 43,067. 50 43,067. 50 65,152. 50 23,100. 00 (7,700. 0) 6,300. 00 21,700. 00 49,434. 00 49,434. 00 71,134. 00 23,100. 00 (8,085. 00) 6,300. 00 21,315. 00 47,589. 50 47,589. 50 68,904. 50 23,100. 00 (8,470. 00) 6,300. 00 20,930. 00 53,956. 00 53,956. 00 74,886. 00 23,100. 00 (8,855. 00) 6,300. 00 20,545. 00 60,322. 50 60,322. 50 80,867. 50 23,100. 00 (9,240. 00) 6,300. 00 20,160. 00 33,478. 00 33,478. 00 53,638. 00 Feb14 Mar14 Apr14 May14 Jun14 Jul14 Aug14 Sep14 Oct14 Nov14 Dec14 (15,514. 50) (15,514. 50) 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 45,685. 50 (9,533. 00) (9,533. 00) 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 51,667. 0 (11,762. 50) (11,762. 50) (5,781. 00) (5,781. 00) 200. 50 200. 50 (2,029. 00) (2,029. 00) 3,952. 50 3,952. 50 9,934. 00 9,934. 00 7,704. 50 7,704. 50 13,686. 00 13,686. 00 19,667. 50 19,667. 50 17,438. 00 17,438. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 49,437. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 55,419. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 61,400. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 59,171. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 65,152. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 71,134. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 68,904. 50 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 74,886. 00 61,200. 00 61,200. 00 80,867. 50 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 53,638. 00 Page 19Figure 7 Projected Monthly Financial Statement of Accounts for 2015 Statements of Financial position Jan15 EUR ASSETS Non-current assests Computers, Cofee-machine, etc Accumulated Depreciation (straight-even, 5 years) Language Programs Current assets Trade receivables Cash at bank and in hand Total Assets EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Equity Profit/Loss Non-current liabilities Current Liabilities Borrowings (all bank overdraft) Trade payables Total Equity and liabilities 23,100. 00 (9,625. 00) 6,300. 00 19,775. 00 39,844. 50 39,844. 50 59,619. 50 23,100. 00 (10,010. 00) 6,300. 00 19,390. 00 46,211. 00 46,211. 00 65,601. 00 23,100. 0 (10,395. 00) 6,300. 00 19,005. 00 44,366. 50 44,366. 50 63,371. 50 23,100. 00 (10,780. 00) 6,300. 00 18,620. 00 50,733. 00 50,733. 00 69,353. 00 23,100. 00 (11,165. 00) 6,300. 00 18,235. 00 57,099. 50 57,099. 50 75,334. 50 23,100. 00 (11,550. 00) 6,300. 00 17,850. 00 55,255. 00 55,255. 00 73,105. 00 23,100. 00 (11,935. 00) 6,300. 00 17,465. 00 25,525. 00 25,525. 00 42,990. 00 23,100. 00 (12,320. 00) 6,300. 00 17,080. 00 31,995. 00 31,995. 00 49,075. 00 23,100. 00 (12,705. 00) 6,300. 00 16,695. 00 30,254. 00 30,254. 00 46,949. 00 23,100. 00 (13,090. 0 0) 6,300. 00 16,310. 00 36,724. 00 36,724. 00 53,034. 00 23,100. 00 (13,475. 0) 6,300. 00 15,925. 00 43,194. 00 43,194. 00 59,119. 00 23,100. 00 (13,860. 00) 6,300. 00 15,540. 00 41,453. 00 41,453. 00 56,993. 00 Feb15 Mar15 Apr15 May15 Jun15 Jul15 Aug15 Sep15 Oct15 Nov15 Dec15 23,419. 50 23,419. 50 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 59,619. 50 29,401. 00 29,401. 00 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 65,601. 00 27,171. 50 27,171. 50 33,153. 00 33,153. 00 39,134. 50 39,134. 50 36,905. 00 36,905. 00 42,990. 00 42,990. 00 49,075. 00 49,075. 00 46,949. 00 46,949. 00 53,034. 00 53,034. 00 59,119. 00 59,119. 00 56,993. 00 56,993. 00 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 63,371. 50 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 69,353. 00 36,200. 00 36,200. 0 75,334. 50 36,200. 00 36,200. 00 73,105. 00 42,990. 00 49,075. 00 46,949. 00 53,034. 00 59,119. 00 56,993. 00 Figure 8 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2013 First operational year (2013) Sales Electricity Utilities Internet Rent Advertisment Salaries (teachers) Salaries (managing director/ HR ma nager) Salary (Assistant) Salary (Accountant) Depreciation (equipment) Profit before Interset Interest (2%) Profit befor Tax Taxes (35%) Profit/Loss after Tax Jan13 7,350. 00 (20. 00) (500. 00) (385. 00) 6,445. 00 (103. 50) 6,341. 50 6,341. 50 Feb13 7,350. 0 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) (665. 00) (103. 50) (768. 50) (768. 50) Mar13 7,350. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) (965. 00) (103. 50) (1,068. 50) (8,211. 00) (9,279. 50) Apr13 7,350. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) (965. 00) (103. 50) (1,068. 50) (1,068. 50) May13 7,350. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 0) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) (965. 00) (103. 50) (1,068. 50) (1,068. 50) Jun13 7,350. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) (965. 00) (103. 50) (1,068. 50) (8,211. 00) (9,279. 50) Jul13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 Aug13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 0) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 Sep13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 50 (8,211. 00) (4,869. 50) Oct13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 Nov13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 0 3,341. 50 Dec13 11,760. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (300. 00) (5,600. 00) (500. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 3,445. 00 (103. 50) 3,341. 50 (8,211. 00) (4,869. 50) Page 20 Figure 9 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2014 Second operational year (2014) Sales Electricity Utilities Internet Rent Advertisment Salaries (teachers) Salaries (managing director/ HR manager) Salary (Assistant) Salary (Accountant) Depreciation (equipment) Profit before Interset Interest (2%) Profit before Tax Taxes (35%) Profit/Loss after Tax Jan14 14,700. 0 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Feb14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Mar14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5 ,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Apr14 14,700. 0 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 May14 Jun14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Jul14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 0) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Aug14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Sep14 14 ,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Oct14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 0) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Nov14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Dec14 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Figure 10 Projected Monthly Income Statement for 2015Third operational year (2015) Sales Electricity Utilities Internet Rent Advertisment Salaries (teachers) Salaries (managing director/ HR manager) Salary (Assistant) Salary (Accountant) Depreciation (equipment) Profit before Inters et Interest (2%) Profit before Tax Taxes (35%) Profit/Loss after Tax Jan15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Feb15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 0) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 Mar15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Apr15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 May15 Jun15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 0 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 (103. 50) 5,981. 50 (8,211. 00) (2,229. 50) Jul15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 Aug15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 Sep15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 0) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 Oct15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 Nov15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 Dec15 14,700. 00 (30. 00) (30. 00) (20. 00) (500. 00) (100. 00) (5,600. 00) (1,000. 00) (350. 00) (600. 00) (385. 00) 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 (8, 211. 00) (2,126. 00) 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 (8,211. 0) 6,085. 00 (2,126. 00) 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 Page 21 Figure 11 Projected Monthly Cash Flow 2012/2013 Cash flows statements direct profit Depreciation costs Interest payable Cash generated from operations Interest paid Taxation paid Net cash from operation activities Cash flows from investing activities Intangible assets (additions) Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Re-payment of Loan notes Net cash outflow from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents Dec12 Jan13 Feb13 Mar13 Apr13 May13 Jun13 Jul13 Aug13 Sep13 Oct13 Nov13 Dec13 (10,000. 0) 6,341. 50 (768. 50) (1,068. 50) (1,068. 50) (1,068. 50) (1,068. 50) 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 3,341. 50 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103 . 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 (10,000. 00) 6,830. 00 (280. 00) (580. 00) (580. 00) (580. 00) (580. 00) 3,830. 00 3,830. 00 3,830. 00 3,830. 00 3,830. 00 3,830. 00 (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (8,211. 0) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) (10,000. 00) 6,726. 50 (383. 50) (8,894. 50) (683. 50) (683. 50) (8,894. 50) 3,726. 50 3,726. 50 (4,484. 50) 3,726. 50 3,726. 50 (4,484. 50) (10,000. 00) 6,726. 50 (383. 50) (8,894. 50) (683. 50) (683. 50) (8,894. 50) 3,726. 50 3,726. 50 (4,484. 50) 3,726. 50 3,726. 50 (4,484. 50) Figure 12 Projected Monthly Cash Flow 2014 Jan14 Feb14 Mar14 Apr14 May14 Jun14 Jul14 Aug14 Sep14 Oct14 Nov14 Dec14 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 385. 00 385. 0 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 0 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 Operating profit Depreciation costs Interest payable Cash generated from operations Interest paid Taxation paid Net cash from operation activities Cash flows from investing activities Intangible assets (additions) Net cash used in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Re-payment of Loan notes Net cash outflow from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (25,000. 00) (25,00 0. 00) (26,844. 50) Page 22Figure 13 Projected Monthly Cash Flow 2015 Jan15 Feb15 Mar15 Apr15 May15 Jun15 Jul15 Aug15 Sep15 Oct15 Nov15 Dec15 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 5,981. 50 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 6,085. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 385. 00 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 103. 50 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (103. 50) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 0) (8,211. 00) (8,211. 00) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,366. 50 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50) 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 (1,741. 00) 6,470. 00 6,470. 00 (1,741. 00) 6,366. 50 Operating profit Depreciation costs Interest payable Cash generated from operations Interest paid Taxation paid Net cash from operation activities Cash flows from investing activities Intangible assets (additions) Net cash use d in investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Re-payment of Loan notes Net cash outflow from financing activities Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents 6,366. 50 (1,844. 50)

The Place of Mental Preparation of Athletes

The sports community now recognizes that kind factors such as confidence, composure, focus, and motivation are highly signifi suffert to athletic performance. As a result, over the years performance enhancement has become an emerging career track within the field sport psychology. Sport psychology (or sports psychology) is the t apiece of the mental factors that affect participation and performance in sports.Sport psychology professionals who focus on performance enhancement aim to increase athletic performance by minimizing the psychological effects of poor performance and instilling the affable skill needed to attain peak performance. In order for the field of sport psychology to advance professionals must educate the sports community on the value and benefits of mental gentility. Psychology principles such as positive thinking, imagery, and goal setting can be applied in sports to help athletes perform and prepare for competition.At the elite levels all athletes have the ta lent and the physical tools to compete. In an interview hall of quarterback and sports analysis, troy Aikman stated, When you get to the elite level in sports, athletically, what separates the rightfully great performers are the ones who are mentally tough and see things a little bit speedy than their competitors. These athletes have the ability to move on after mistakes, maintain confidence and composure in the face of adversity, and focus on what is need to execute each t expect successfully.The best practice to enhance athletic performance in the field sport psychology is through mental information. cordial training is the plane section of sports psychology that concentrates specifically on helping athletes break through the mental barriers that are keeping them from performing up to their peak potential. M some(prenominal) athletes and coaches resist mental training beca wont they do not understand how it can help them. In order for athletes to get the most out of their sp ort, it is critical for them to understand the value of up(a) their mental game.Athletes are more likely to embrace mental training when they understand it and its benefits. However, the best way for athletes to embrace into mental training is when they actually ingest its power firsthand. Mental training is about improving ones attitude and mental skills to help them perform their best by identifying limiting beliefs and embrace a healthier philosophy about their sport. Mental skills, just like physical skills, take repetition, practice, and game-time application to develop.Helping athletes and coaches understanding the mental barriers that limit performance and the benefits of sports psychology intervention is a critical step in the mental training process. Mental barriers include high expectations, perfectionism, fear of failure, lack of emotional control and attentional focus. Athletes can overcome these barriers through sport psychology intervention that aim to enhance conf idence, focus, composure, trust and mental preparation. Most athletes are highly committed to rightness and seeing how far they can go in sports.They love competition and testing themselves against the best in their sport. They understand the importance of a positive attitude and mental toughness. These athletes want every possible advantage they can get including the mental edge over the competition. Sports Psychology is about improving your attitude and mental toughness to help you perform your best by identifying limiting beliefs and embracing a healthier philosophy about your sport. Mental training is used by elite athletes to help improve focus, confidence and deal with distractions.Many athletes have the ability to concentrate, but often their focus is displaced on the wrong areas such as when a batter thinks I need to get a hit while in the batters box, which is a result-oriented focus. Sport Psychology Today is a sports mental training resource for athletes, sports parents, coaches, sport psychology scholars, and professionals provided by Mental Edge Athletics. Please sign up for our Discussion Forum to share your experiences, ask questions, and gain opening to advice from our readers and team of experts around the world.Topic and information requests can be sent by using our Contact Page. Sport Psychology and Mental develop Products are Coming Soon, so stay tuned to Sports Psychology Today for more information. In the meantime, please search for your topics of interest on Sports Psychology Today and preserve to improve your sports performance, mental toughness, and mental game. Also please share our website with your friends and family and Like us on facebook (facebook. com/mentaledgeathletics or search Sport Psychology Today) to gain access to discounts and special offers.Mental training is important for athletes, whether striving to do their personal best or competing against others. Mental imagery, what Bruce D. Hale of Penn State calls No Swea t Practice, is very effective. The learning ability cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is imagined. Practice is practice, regardless of whether it is mental or physical. Ask the athlete to sit in a relaxed position in a quiet place with few distractions. Tell the athlete to close their eyes and picture performing a particular skill. Each is seeing him/herself on a large movie screen on a football pitch.Walk them through the skill step by step. Use as much particular as possible, using words to elicit all the senses sight, hearing, touch and smell-soft foot, cushion, deep it close, toe down, light touches. Ask the athlete to repeat the image. Picture rehearsing the skill successfully, blush to the point of seeing the ball going in the goal. Some athletes need help to start the process. Others will learn to practice this way on their own. The nexus between performing the skills in the mind and performing the skills on the football pitch may be hard to explain. However, the athletes who repeatedly imagine themselves correctly end a skill and believing it to be true are more likely to make it happen. Whatever goes into ones mind and ones heart comes out in their actions. If you really want to do something, youll find a way if you dont, youll find an excuse. Author Unknown Desire is the starting point of all achievement, not a hope, not a wish, but a keen pulsating desire which transcends everything. cat sleep hill There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure. Colin Powell Effort all fully releases its reward after a person refuses to quit. forty winks Hill Winners are those people who make a habit of doing the things losers are uncomfortable doing. Ed Foreman Every person who wins in any undertaking must be willing to cut all sources of retreat. Only by doing so can one be sure of maintaining that state of mind known as a burning desire to winessential to success. Napoleon Hill dementia is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Albert Einstein If you cannot do great things, do small things in a great way. Napoleon Hill Only a strong tree can stand alone. Arnold Glasow Great achievement is usually born of great sacrifice, and is never the result of selfishness. Napoleon Hill The state of your life is nothing more than a reflection of your state of mind. Napoleon Hill The state of your life is nothing more than a reflection of your state of mind. Dr. Wayne W. Dyer Its a sure thing that youll not finish if you dont start. Napoleon Hill The individual with a negative mental attitude attracts troubles as a magnet attracts steel fittings. Napoleon Hill Our attitude is the primary force that will determine whether we succeed or fail. Dr. John C. Maxwell The expose to having a good attitude is the willingness to change. We are either the masters or the victims of our attitudes. It is a matter of personal choice. Wh o we are today is the result of choices we made yesterday. tomorrow we will become what we choose today. To change means to choose to change. Dr. John C. Maxwell The ladder of success is never crowded at the top. Napoleon Hill Photo Credit the athlete image by csaba fikker from Fotolia. om Physical training is only one facet of the training that successful athletes undergo. While the body is pushed to its limits and educate to perform under pressure for as long as necessary, the mind also must be prepared for competition. The worlds best athletes all have techniques they use to win and achieve their goals. Function Sound mental training prepares athletes for competition by eliminating the anxiety that often surrounds performance. peerless of the main functions of mental athletic training is to help athletes concentrate on the moment.Trainers at Mental Goaltending report that athletes must learn to concentrate on the positive and refuse to entertain negative thoughts. Types One t ype of mental training that many athletes use is called visualization. Athletes are urged to see themselves performing at their peak and crossing the finish line or qualification a goal or basket. Visualization is designed to infuse the sub sensible mind with a reality developed by the athlete so that the conscious mind follows through and makes it happen. Benefits In addition to providing competitive athletes with an edge, mental training can help relieve some of the stress involved in competition.Sports psychologists at Protex Sports report that in addition to the pressure of the competition, athletes face stress and pressure from managers, coaches, teammates and fans. They often face rigorous schedules and family demands that create additional stress that could affect their performance. Mental training is meant to alleviate some of the stress. Features A thorough mental training program features work in a range of areas that affect performance. Athletes look to psychological tra iners to help them improve their mental toughness to withstand the demands of the competition as well as help them focus on their priorities.They work to uncover any fears that might be standing in the way of success and find ways to address those fears. Through mental training, athletes can gain confidence and composure. Considerations aft(prenominal) an injury, many athletes have a difficult time adjusting to not playing their sport and facing a possible end to their athletic careers. Mental training for athletic success includes considerations for those times. During rehabilitation or preparing to retire, athletes have special needs that can be addressed through specially trained therapists.

Learning to read

Reading is one of the complex tasks accomplished by students. paradoxic all toldy one can learn to read by cultivation. Reading is an interesting past time or hobby for those who like it. It broadens ones knowledge. garners in the books talk to the reader. Reading disciplinees a child many things. It may be groovy or it may be bad. It should be channelise encyclopedism.Reading is a subtle and complex process that involves sensation, perception, comprehension, application, and integration. Reading is the magic key to the world of enlightenment and enjoyment. It is the basic tool for learning in all the message beas. Reading is the process of making and getting from printed word symbols.Efficient reading is an active dialogue between author and reader. Reading can be one of mans deepest pleasures. It enables man to ponder the mysteries of the world, explore accumulated knowledge, and contemplate the unknown.One significant point of learning to read is to understand how create verbally dustup and oral language correspond. The English writing system is based on the alphabetic principle that written wrangling are made up of letters that realise approximate matches with the sounds heard in the words we speak. Therefore, to understand the alphabetic principle, one must recognize that spoken words consist of a sequence of sounds and this understanding is called phonemic cognizance (McCormick, 1999).Phonemic awareness is not reading. It does not deal with alphabetical letters. It does not phonics. It does not replace the schools reading program and it is not an all-out cure for reading problems (Kang, 19997). Phonemic awareness is recognizing sounds within words. It is the ability of the child to taper on sounds of words. It is an understanding that vocabulary is composed of individual sounds called phonemes. Phoneme is the smallest unit of vernacular that carries a definite meaning when put together.The phonemic awareness task requires children to analy ze, manipulate the units of speech rather than focus on meaning and the readers task is to understand the relationship of the letter in the writing system to the phonemes in the language. Readers should also recognize that speech could be segmented into smaller units-the readers to become phonemically aware (Yopp, 1992). This gives children functional practice in phonemic segmentation or breaking a word take into component sounds.The four basic skills of Phonemic Awareness are rhyming sounds, blending sounds, matching sounds, and segmenting sounds. Such skills are the building blocks for reading. Therefore, in order to take in from formal reading instruction, children must have a certain level of phonemic awareness.Phonemic Awareness could be taught as early as kindergarten throughout kindergarten and into Grade I to continue in Grades II and III and with those children who remain weak in reading.Kang (1997) suggests the following key points to keep in mind1. Skills should be taug ht in specific lessons.2. Try to practice phonemic awareness about 10-15 minutes a day, three to four times a week.3. The more unvarying the lesson structure is, the more improvement you will observe in your green learners.4. Regroup children upon getting to know their skills. Place in one group those who are successful in phonemic awareness and sustain their skills with lessons once a week.Phonemic awareness is a possible reason why many children conflict in reading (Rasinski & Padak, 2000). It is a fact that when we speak we only rarely pay conscious attention to the sound we make, rather we are simply concern with getting our messages across. Therefore, the concept that words are made up of sounds is not necessarily an easy one for students to grasp. Phonemic awareness is not really full of vitality to our purposes in spoken language but rather central in learning to read.A banging body of research conducted in the U.S. and other countries orient that one of the most sig nificant coordinators between good and poor readers is poor readers lack of phonemic awareness (McCormick, 1999). This holds true regardless of the intelligence level of socioeconomic status of the students. On the strength of this research, there is little doubt that lack of phonemic awareness is a cause of reading disabilities in a large portion of students whose difficulties lie with word recognition.Research studies indicate that one aid to the development of adequate phonemic awareness occurs when young children listen to storybooks read aloud by their parents, an advantage enjoyed by some children, but not all. Others suggest that good or poor phonemic awareness may have a genetic origin. Direct evidence indicates that lack of phonemic awareness is a major cause of word identification difficulties. Likewise, phonemic awareness permits students to use letter-sound correspondences, mesh phonemic strategies and identify unknown words more quickly. It also may have a bearing on whole word learning. In addition, it is a prerequisite to spelling and writing, which also require hearing (McCormick, 1999).Further research has shown that phonemic awareness is a more powerful determiner than intelligence in predicting whether students will succeed in reading and also a stronger predictor of general language proficiency (McCormick, 1999) and a very powerful predictor of posterior reading achievement (Griffith, et al., 1992).Phonemic awareness is now viewed as a critical variable in emergent literacy and beginning reading acquisition (McCormick, 1999). Recognizing that, words can be broken down into phonemes and syllables, and being able to manipulate these, has a high correlation with reading achievement. Thus, it is a central factor in learning to read and a prerequisite in learning to read.Irregularities of English demand careful handling to avoid confusion. Regular spelling should be presented in the early stages before teaching words with semi-irregular patte rns like cake, bread, etc. and those with complete irregularities forms such as cough, bough. This may be another complete lesson for the actual reading phase after(prenominal) learning the letter shapes and names. Eventually, with increasing speed, the child works through the page of the teaching materials.In the schools, reading as a subject should be given emphasis for it is the springboard in learning other areas. Learning reading is open to a lot of words for children. Early puerility cognitive development will not develop the building blocks of language for children, unless parents know the importance of good reading. Children, whose parents are not aware that reading plays a role in the childs development, are not disposed to learn reading. Their opportunities in learning are limited.Reading to every citizen is a spic-and-span civil right. A child should be ready to read and ready to get a clear understanding of what he sees and reads in order to succeed him a good early e xperience. Early language and early pre-learning reading activities contribute to the development of feeling of a child. Absence of this development will reduce learning and understanding sounds, letters, and language. Language in reading is the building block of speech.Likewise, the childs ability to grasp ideas and sounds has a linkage in learning to read letters. Knowing how to read is important in interactive learning. It affects the heart and soul of a child. A child should have a strong language and a good pre-reading education.For children to learn to read is a challenge posed to parents and educators. No matter how busy parents are, they should have time left for their children. Parents should develop good relationships with their children at their early stage of learning.Education begins before birth. Thus, the most important word that should be learned and practiced by a child is credibility according to the First Lady of U.S. President Bush, who was once a teacher herse lf.High quality teachers are needed in the classroom to guide and teach children to learn. One important aim in reading is to learn to choose, analyze, and read good materials. There are teachers who change a childs life negatively or positively. Subsequently, teachers should teach a child to be a worthy citizen in thought, in word, and in deed.To make teaching more effective, it should be integrated with subjects like art and music education, character education, and all other subject areas in the school curriculum. Reading is the right key to spiritual, social, intellectual, esthetical, mental, moral, and academic success.It is hoped that after a thorough understanding of the various conditions leading to reading readiness through study, the reading program will be better handled.ReferencesGriffith, P., et al. (1992). Phonemic awareness helps beginning readers breakthe code. The Reading Teacher. Vol. 56, No. 7, pp.517-523 March 1992.Kang, H. (1997). Phonemic awareness Listening ac tivities to developpre-reading skills USA Fearon Teachers Aid Division of Frank SchafferPublications, Inc.McCormick, S. (1999). Instructing students who have literacy problem. New JerseyPrentice-Hall, Inc. Simon & Schuster, A Viacom Company.Rasinski, T., & Padak, N. (2000). Effective reading strategies Teaching children whofind reading difficult. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. NJ.Yopp, H.K. (1992). Developing phonemic awareness in young children. The ReadingTeacher. Vol. 9 May 1992.

History of IKEA Essay

Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA in 1943. The name IKEA is formed from Kamprads initials (I.K.) plus the first letters of Elmtaryd (E) and Agunnaryd (A), the farm and village where he grew up (1). IKEA origin everyy change pens, wallets, picture frames, table runners, watches, and jewelry and nylon stockings. Known to twenty-four hours for its furniture, IKEA did non start furniture sales until 1948. Kamprad saw opportunities for selling furniture on a salient scale, distributing the first catalogue in 1951. In 1955, in the midst of a fierce bell war with a competitor, Kamprad took his company a step and by opening the first store showroom. The concept behind this was that customers could now touch and look at IKEA home furnishings before they purchased, showing that quality did not have to be sacrificed for lower prices. With this being a success, Kamprad opened the first store in Almhult, Sweden in 1958. At its opening, the 6,700-meter store was the largest home furnishings store in Scandinavia (1). Kamprad retired as IKEA chemical groups president in 1986, with Anders Moberg becoming his successor.This brought ab kayoed many other changes for IKEA. Starting in 1990, IKEA took interest in unified kind responsibility (1). The IKEA Group developed an environmental policy that would ensure the company and its co-workers take environmental responsibility for all activities conducted within its business. Since then, they have become more energy efficient by generating their own re rawable energy. They also work with their suppliers to inspire them to do the same. One example of this is each of their facilities is fully equipped with solar panels on the roof. They also take into consideration where and how they get their raw materials. Raw materials most important to the business and those that have the highest potential environmental or social impact be wood, cotton, palm oil, leather and food (3). Taking wood, they be continually looking for ways to get t he most out of the wood they give by designing their products to minimize the amount of material needed and increasing the efficiency of manufacturing. They also only use wood that comes from responsibly managed timbres in an case to safeguard wood supplies to protect the future of their business, prevent deforestation, and to support the livelihoods of those communities.In order to make sure these efforts continue IKEA hired a fulltime forestry manager to sterilise sustainable use of forest resources (3). Upon Anders Moberg leaving IKEA in 1999, Anders Dahlvig became the President and CEO of the IKEA Group. This brought about more changes for the company by writing out a canon of Conduct. This code of conduct called The IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products (IWAY) defines what suppliers can expect from IKEA and specifies what IKEA expects from its suppliers in terms of legal requirements, working conditions, active prevention of electric shaver labor, external envir onment and forestry management (1). In addition, IKEA also introduced The IKEA Way on Preventing Child Labor in order to ensure that their suppliers and their sub-contractors use no electric razor labor (1). IKEA has self-aggrandizing rapidly since its founding. As of August 31, 2012, the IKEA Group has operations in 44 countries, including 30 service-trading offices in 25 countries. They also have 33 distribution centers and 11 customer distribution centers.The IKEA Group had 298 stores in 26 countries. They employ 139,000 co-workers, 99,000 in Europe, 18,000 in North America, 11,000 in Asia and Australia, and 11,000 in Russia. They send out over 212 million catalogues, which has increased their foot traffic into the retail setting to 776 million visits. As technology use increases, so has their internet and app traffic with 1.1 meg visits to their website and over 5.7 million app downloads. With these increasing numbers, they have been able to open another 18 stores around the world in 2012 (5). IKEAs vision and business bid paraphrased is to provide quality furniture products at a low price for all. Their product has always been furniture and over the past few years, they have grown to a company that is well known among all ranges of income from, broke college students to wealthy senior executives of companies. They do provide quality products whose function and style rival all other products in their application. With those rival products, they also have prices that are lower than any of their competitors can afford to rival.How do they do it? IKEA is a very be conscience company, where other companies lead spend large sums of silver on employee accommodations, IKEA does not. They tell of an instance where employees were at a conference and instead of paying for them to bind in the one and only hotel in town, an overpriced Marriot, they had their employees sleep in their cars (6). They have recently adopted a new energy saving system for each of their stores, both bettering the atmosphere as well as cutting energy cost. This mentality of saving, though extreme, has allowed the company to build a business into an industry leader in quality and price that most companies are not able to touch, based on their spending habits. This has been the mentality of the company anatomical structure since day one. Kamprad grew up in a farm-based village where people were not used to having quality products at an affordable price. From this, he developed the mentality and business structure that continues. The company has grown immensely due to their overall understanding of cost cutting and satisfying customer needs.The companies culture, as listed above, is all about saving money to provide a better company and product to the customer. One example of this is Kamprad had make company employees sleep in cars on a business trip. Having not talked to an employee that was forced to sleep in their car, as opposed to a Marriot hotel bed, I can not say how they feel toward the company. That being said, I could make two inferences. The first is that the employees were upset. They should be provided with the basic essentials of life when on a business trip and the company should be able and willing to provide that. My second inference would be that these employees made this decision for themselves as well as the company, for the overall benefit of the company. The company advertises that that they share values for each employee. They ask for a unique employee and they advertise that they are not filling jobs but rather collaborating with people based on shared unique values.They compose and suggest these four-shared values as just a start to their list of shared values One togetherness, two cost-consciousness, three respect, four simplicity. With those, four shared values maybe being their foundations, it would be undemanding to say that all employees, if truly investing time and effort into these values, are happy to work together in a uniform effort to assuage money as well as remain simple and respect one another. This would imply that they all are happy to work together in a situation that is best for everyone, as well as the company. IKEA is an industry leader when it comes to cutting costs and providing quality furniture at a price for everyone. In the market place, they have established themselves with their main competitive advantage to be price. They have done this in a way that most companies are not willing or would be too difficult for companies to rebuild their business model and thus they are an industry leader.IKEA has established their marketing outline as a furniture store that provides its customers with stylish furniture at an affordable price. Its founder Ingvar Kamprad instilled this strategy/mindset of the company. Mr. Kamprads mission for IKEA is to offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, at prices so low that the majority of people can afford to buy them. Therefore, IKEAs focalisation is finding ways to lower prices yet still maintain the quality product they have been delivering, to its customers, for 70 years. This is their competitive advantage. IKEA maintains their competitive advantage by operating(a) outside the practices of the conventional furniture supplier. A typical furniture store has an open show floor, where customers can peruse at their own leisure. IKEA steers away from this by designing its store in a trail pattern. This forces the buyer to proceed to the entire store and possibly find items they might not had intended on purchasing.Another thing IKEA does differently is, instead of providing delivery for every purchase, IKEA provides means of attaching containers on a customers car. This allows them to be able to take the furniture home the same day that they purchased it (7). The containers are usually pods that strap onto the top of a car. Then the customer takes it home and brings it back upon their next visit to IKEA. In addition, IKEA requires more of its customers than classic furniture stores. IKEA does not offer pre-assembled furniture. IKEAs furniture is easy to assemble furniture that customers can take home and quickly set apart together (7). They take pride in the simplicity of their designed assembly. They also will not place a cumbersome item that would need to be assembled in the store because it is neither cost effective nor customer friendly (7). IKEAs main strength comes from their value chain. Unique design capabilities, unique sourcing, and tightly controlled logisticsthey are able to produce products that are distinctive enough to provide market recognition, secure sourcing for long runs at profitable levels, and reduce inventory costs through regional warehouses which work mingyly with stores (4).Meaning, IKEA is in complete control from furniture design to furniture delivery and storage. IKEAs main weakness, one could assume, would be the large operation that it is. IKEA now operates in 29 different countries with over 2,000 suppliers in over 50 countries. With the large span of products and countries involved, maintaining control and communication will pose as one of IKEAs biggest issues. The biggest challenge IKEA is facing would be wood. IKEA consumes 1% of total commercial wood, which amounts to over 13.5 million cubic meters (8). With all this considered, IKEA is intromission a new campaign to operate in a more economic-friendly way by only processing wood that has been FSC certified. They are slowly incorporating new policies and plan to be forest positive by 2020 however, missed their 2012 goal of using 35% of their wood from FSC certified wood mainly because according to IKEAs CSO Steve Howard, only 7% of the worlds forest areas are currently certified to FSC standards (8).However, IKEA is not only meeting obstacles from the environment, certain countries bureaucratic powers are causation some difficulty for further advan cement in the country. China is one of these countries. The Chinese government is imposing harsh restrictions on its real estate market, which has caused stores to close (9). IKEA continues to grow every year by saving money at their current locations through energy saving building and using renewable resources. With their corporate responsibility programs, they continue lead the way in their industry. They also continue to work toward a better future for children all over the world through their Child Labor initiatives. As they continue to keep costs down, they will continue to expand all over the world.Works Cited1. About IKEA. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.2. Facts &Figures. repose IKEA Systems B.V. N.p., Oct. 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 3. Canada, Newswire. IKEA Group releases 2011 Sustainability Report. Canada Newswire 15 Feb. 2012 Regional Business News. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 4. Grol, Paul, Christopher Schoch, and Michel Roger. Culture as a Competitive Advantage. Efbl.org. N.p., 16 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. 5. IKEA Group SWOT Analysis. IKEA Group SWOT Analysis (2012) 1-8. Business Source Complete. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 6. Lewis, Elen. Chapter 2 Ingvar Kamprad The Grand Designer. GBS Great IKEA. 28-45. n.p. Marshall Cavendish Limited, 2004.Business Source Complete. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 7. The IKEAConcept. Inter IKEA Systems B.V. N.p., Oct. 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 8. Kelly, Annie. IKEA to Go forest Positive but Serious Challenges Lie Ahead. The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 14 Dec. 2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 9.WantChinaTimes.com. WantChinaTimes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2013.